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Inferno (operating System)
Inferno is a distributed operating system started at Bell Labs and now developed and maintained by Vita Nuova Holdings as free software under the MIT License. Inferno was based on the experience gained with Plan 9 from Bell Labs, and the further research of Bell Labs into operating systems, languages, on-the-fly compilers, graphics, security, networking and portability. The name of the operating system, many of its associated programs, and that of the current company, were inspired by Dante Alighieri's ''Divine Comedy''. In Italian, ''Inferno'' means " hell", of which there are nine circles in Dante's ''Divine Comedy''. Design principles Inferno was created in 1995 by members of Bell Labs' Computer Science Research division to bring ideas derived from their previous operating system, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, to a wider range of devices and networks. Inferno is a distributed operating system based on three basic principles: * Resources as files: all resources are represented ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs, commonly referred to as ''Bell Labs'', is an American industrial research and development company owned by Finnish technology company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world. As a former subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), Bell Labs and its researchers have been credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B (programming language), B, C (programming language), C, C++, S (programming language), S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others, throughout the 20th century. Eleven Nobel Prizes and five Turing Awards have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories. Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telepho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dante Alighieri
Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called (modern Italian: ) and later christened by Giovanni Boccaccio, is widely considered one of the most important poems of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language. Dante chose to write in the vernacular, specifically, his own Tuscan dialect, at a time when much literature was still written in Latin, which was accessible only to educated readers, and many of his fellow Italian poets wrote in French or Provençal dialect, Provençal. His ' (''On Eloquence in the Vernacular'') was one of the first scholarly defenses of the vernacular. His use of the Florentine dialect for works such as ''La Vita Nuova, The New Life'' (1295) and ''Divine Comedy'' helped establish the modern-day standardized Italian language. His wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garbage Collection (computer Science)
In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The ''garbage collector'' attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program, but is no longer referenced; such memory is called ''garbage (computer science), garbage''. Garbage collection was invented by American computer scientist John McCarthy (computer scientist), John McCarthy around 1959 to simplify manual memory management in Lisp (programming language), Lisp. Garbage collection relieves the programmer from doing manual memory management, where the programmer specifies what objects to de-allocate and return to the memory system and when to do so. Other, similar techniques include stack-based memory allocation, stack allocation, region inference, and memory ownership, and combinations thereof. Garbage collection may take a significant proportion of a program's total processing time, and affect computer performance, performance as a result. Resources other than memory, such a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Just-in-time Compiler
In computing, just-in-time (JIT) compilation (also dynamic translation or run-time compilations) is compiler, compilation (of Source code, computer code) during execution of a program (at run time (program lifecycle phase), run time) rather than before execution. This may consist of source code translation but is more commonly bytecode translation to machine code, which is then executed directly. A system implementing a JIT compiler typically continuously analyses the code being executed and identifies parts of the code where the speedup gained from compilation or recompilation would outweigh the overhead of compiling that code. JIT compilation is a combination of the two traditional approaches to translation to machine code—Ahead-of-time compilation, ahead-of-time compilation (AOT), and Interpreter (computing), interpretation—and combines some advantages and drawbacks of both. Roughly, JIT compilation combines the speed of compiled code with the flexibility of interpre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Java Virtual Machine
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation. Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit (JDK) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform. The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot. The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle are based on the OpenJDK runtime. Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK. JVM specification The Java virtual machine is an abstract (virtual) computer defined by a specification. It is a part of the Java runtime environment. The garbage collection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stack Machine
In computer science, computer engineering and programming language implementations, a stack machine is a computer processor or a Virtual machine#Process virtual machines, process virtual machine in which the primary interaction is moving short-lived temporary values to and from a push down Stack (abstract data type), stack. In the case of a hardware processor, a hardware stack is used. The use of a stack significantly reduces the required number of processor registers. Stack machines extend push-down automata with additional load/store operations or multiple stacks and hence are Turing-complete. Design Most or all stack machine instructions assume that operands will be from the stack, and results placed in the stack. The stack easily holds more than two inputs or more than one result, so a rich set of operations can be computed. In stack machine code (sometimes called p-code), instructions will frequently have only an opcode commanding an operation, with no additional fields i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Register Machine
In mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, a register machine is a generic class of abstract machines, analogous to a Turing machine and thus Turing complete. Unlike a Turing machine that uses a tape and head, a register machine utilizes multiple uniquely addressed registers to store non-negative integers. There are several sub-classes of register machines, including counter machines, pointer machines, random-access machines (RAM), and Random-Access Stored-Program Machine (RASP), each varying in complexity. These machines, particularly in theoretical studies, help in understanding computational processes. The concept of register machines can also be applied to virtual machines in practical computer science, for educational purposes and reducing dependency on specific hardware architectures. Overview The register machine gets its name from its use of one or more " registers". In contrast to the tape and head used by a Turing machine, the model uses multiple uniq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Java (software Platform)
Java is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, Sandbox (computer security), sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. Writing in the Java (programming language), Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as Java byte code, byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada (programming language), Ada, JavaScript, Kotlin (programming language), Kotlin (Google's preferred Android language), Python (programming language), Python, and Ruby (p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virtual Machine
In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulator, emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Virtual machines differ and are organized by their function, shown here: * ''System virtual machines'' (also called full virtualization VMs, or SysVMs) provide a substitute for a real machine. They provide the functionality needed to execute entire operating systems. A hypervisor uses native code, native execution to share and manage hardware, allowing for multiple environments that are isolated from one another yet exist on the same physical machine. Modern hypervisors use hardware-assisted virtualization, with virtualization-specific hardware features on the host CPUs providing assistance to hypervisors. * ''Process virtual machines'' are designed to execute computer programs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Styx (protocol)
9P (or the Plan 9 Filesystem Protocol or Styx) is a network protocol developed for the Plan 9 from Bell Labs distributed operating system as the means of connecting the components of a Plan 9 system. Files are key objects in Plan 9. They represent windows, network connections, processes, and almost anything else available in the operating system. 9P was revised for the 4th edition of Plan 9 under the name 9P2000, containing various improvements. Some of the improvements made are the removal of certain filename restrictions, the addition of a 'last modifier' metadata field for directories, and authentication files. The latest version of the Inferno operating system also uses 9P2000. The Inferno file protocol was originally called Styx, but technically it has always been a variant of 9P. A server implementation of 9P for Unix, called u9fs, is included in the Plan 9 distribution. A 9P OS X client kernel extension is provided by Mac9P. A kernel client driver implementing 9P with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Namespace
In computing, a namespace is a set of signs (''names'') that are used to identify and refer to objects of various kinds. A namespace ensures that all of a given set of objects have unique names so that they can be easily identified. Namespaces are commonly structured as hierarchies to allow reuse of names in different contexts. As an analogy, consider a system of naming of people where each person has a given name, as well as a family name shared with their relatives. If the first names of family members are unique only within each family, then each person can be uniquely identified by the combination of first name and family name; there is only one Jane Doe, though there may be many Janes. Within the namespace of the Doe family, just "Jane" suffices to unambiguously designate this person, while within the "global" namespace of all people, the full name must be used. Prominent examples for namespaces include file systems, which assign names to files. Some programming languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hierarchical File System
In computing, a hierarchical file system is a file system that uses directories to organize files into a tree structure. In a hierarchical file system, ''directories'' contain information about both files and other directories, called ''subdirectories'' which, in turn, can point to other subdirectories, and so on. This is organized as a tree structure, or ''hierarchy'', generally portrayed with the root at the top. The ''root directory'' is the base of the hierarchy, and is usually stored at some fixed location on disk. A hierarchical file system contrasts with a '' flat file system'', where information about all files is stored in a single directory, and there are no subdirectories. Almost all file systems today are hierarchical. What is referred to as a file system is a specific instance of a hierarchical system. For example, NTFS, HPFS, and ext4, all implement a hierarchical system with different features for buffering, file allocation, and file recovery. Concepts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
