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Ichthyodectiformes
Ichthyodectiformes is an Extinction, extinct order of marine stem-teleost ray-finned fish. The order is named after the genus ''Ichthyodectes'', established by Edward Drinker Cope in 1870. Ichthyodectiforms are usually considered to be some of the closest relatives of the teleost crown group. They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period, though basal forms like ''Thrissops, Occithrissops'' and ''Allothrissops'' are known from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Europe and North America. They were almost entirely wiped out by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, but a single species, ''Saurocephalus, Saurocephalus lanciformis'', appears to have survived into the earliest Paleocene (Danian). Most ichthyodectiforms ranged between in length. Most of known taxa were predators, feeding on smaller fish; in several cases, larger ichthyodectiforms preyed on smaller members of the order. Some species had remarkably large teeth, though othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cladocyclus
''Cladocyclus'' (derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek κλάδος/kládos ("branch") and κύκλος/kýklos ("circle")) is an extinct genus of marine Ichthyodectiformes, ichthyodectiform ray-finned fish from the middle Cretaceous. It was a predator of about in length. Taxonomy It contains the following species: * †''C. gardneri'' Louis Agassiz, Agassiz, 1841 - Albian of northeastern Brazil (Romualdo Formation, Romualdo and Crato Formations of the Araripe Basin) (=''C. ferus'' Santos, 1950) * †''C. geddesi'' Berell, 2014 - late Albian of Queensland, Australia (Winton Formation) An indeterminate specimen, previously assigned to ''Chirocentrites'', is known from the Albian-aged Pietraroja Plattenkalk of Italy. Indeterminate specimens, represented by complete remains, are also known from the Cenomanian of Morocco, which are not to be confused with ''C. pankowskii'', which was discovered in the Kem Kem Group, Kem Kem Beds in 2007, but has since been reclassified to the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Occithrissops
''Occithrissops'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish of the Jurassic, described from Sundance Formation. The genus name of ''Occithrissops'' refers to the occidental occurrence of the genus and its relationship to '' Thrissops''. Description ''Occithrissops'' reached length about . Although it is placed within Ichthyodectiformes, it have some different characters compared to other Jurassic ichthyodectiform '' Thrissops'' and ''Allothrissops'', and original description described this taxon as Ichthyodectiformes ''incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...''. Later study considered this taxon is basal ichthyodectiform, and shared some morphological similarities with '' Jinjuichthys''. References Ichthyodectiformes Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Xiphactinus Audax
''Xiphactinus'' (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") is an extinct genus of large predatory marine ray-finned fish that lived during the late Albian to the late Maastrichtian. The genus grew up to in length, and superficially resembled a gargantuan, fanged tarpon. It is a member of the extinct order Ichthyodectiformes, which represent close relatives of modern teleosts. The species ''Portheus molossus'' described by Cope is a junior synonym of ''X. audax''. Skeletal remains of ''Xiphactinus'' have come from the Carlile Shale and Greenhorn Limestone of Kansas (where the first ''Xiphactinus'' fossil was discovered during the 1850s in the Niobrara Chalk),''Xiphactinus'' at .org< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Saurocephalus
''Saurocephalus'' (from , 'lizard' and 'head') is an extinct genus of ray-finned fishes within the family Saurodontidae.Maisey, J. G.1991. ''Santana Fossils, an Illustrated Atlas''. New Jersey, T.F.H. Publications Inc., 190–207. The genus was first described in 1824 and contains six or seven species, including the type species ''S. lanciformis''.Harlan, R. 1824. On a new fossil genus of the order Enalio Sauri, (of Conybeare). ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia''. Series 1, 3(pt. 2): 331-337. ''Saurocephalus'' first appeared during the early Valanginian and continued on to the Maastrichtian, where it nearly went extinct.Kaddumi, H. F. 2009. Saurodontids (Ichthyodectiformes: Saurocephalus) of Harrana with a description of a new species from the late Maastrichtian Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation. In: Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. ''Publications of the Eternal River Museum of Natural History'', Amman, pp 215-231. However, the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Allothrissops
''Allothrissops'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish in the order Ichthyodectiformes, or bulldog fish. It is known from the Late Jurassic The Late Jurassic is the third Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time scale, geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic stratum, strata.Owen ... of Germany, where it has been found in the famous Solnhofen Limestone. The following species are known: * ''A. mesogaster'' (Agassiz, 1834) * ''A. salmoneus'' (de Blainville, 1818) * ''A. regleyi'' (Thiollière, 1854) Formerly placed with several other genera in the family Allothrissopidae, more recent studies have found this placement to be paraphyletic, and it is now placed as a basal ichthyodectiform. References Ichthyodectiformes Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera Solnhofen fauna Late Jurassic fish of Europe Late Jurassic bony fish Kimmeridgian genera Fossil tax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Chirocentrites
''Chirocentrites'' is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish in the order Ichthyodectiformes. It contains a single species, ''C. coroninii'', from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Slovenia (locality also sometimes given as Gorizia, Italy). A potential specimen is also known from the Albian-aged Pietraroja Plattenkalk of southern Italy, but it has been suggested that this specimen actually represents ''Cladocyclus''. Another species sometimes classified in this genus, '' Spathodactylus'' (or ''Chirocentrites'') ''neocomiensis'' Pictet, 1858 from the Hauterivian of France, appears to be morphologically distinct from ''Chirocentrites'' and needs taxonomic revision. Two other species (''C. microdon'' Heckel, 1849 and ''C. gracilis'' Heckel, 1849) from the Cenomanian of Croatia and Slovenia are now placed in the genus '' Heckelichthys''. The species "''C''." ''guinensis'' from the Aptian/Albian of Equatorial Guinea & Gabon likely belongs to another genus, possibly ''Cladocyclus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Thrissops
''Thrissops'' (from , 'hair' and 'look') is an extinct genus of stem-teleost fish from the Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian). Its fossils are known from the Solnhofen Limestone, as well as the Kimmeridge Clay. ''Thrissops'' was a fast predatory fish about long, that fed on other bony fish.Orvar Nybelin, "Versuch einer taxonomischen revision der jurassischen Fischgattung Thrissops Agassiz", ''Nature'' (1964) It had a streamlined body with a deeply cleft tail and only very small pelvic fins. ''Thrissops'' was one of the smaller members of the order Ichthyodectiformes, which also included larger representatives like ''Xiphactinus ''Xiphactinus'' (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") is an extinct genus of large predatory marine ray-finned fish that lived during the late Albian to the late Maastrichtian. The genus grew up to in length, and superficially resembled a garga ...'' and '' Saurodon''. References Ichthyodectiformes Prehistoric ray-finned fish gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gillicus Arcuatus
''Gillicus'' was a relatively small, long ichthyodectiform ray-finned fish that lived in central North America (Western Interior Seaway), Europe and East Asia, from the late Albian to the early Maastrichtian. Description Like its larger relative, '' Ichthyodectes ctenodon'', ''Gillicus'' had numerous small teeth lining its jaws, and ate smaller fish by sucking them into its mouth, but the teeth of ''Gillicus'' are so small that the jaws appear almost toothless at first, which has led to the suggestion that ''Gillicus'' was also a filter-feeder. ''Gillicus'' was also eaten by its own relative, '' Xiphactinus''. One particular long fossil specimen contains a nearly perfectly preserved long ''Gillicus arcuatus'' inside its ribcage. The ''Gillicus'' bones have not been digested so the larger fish must have died soon after eating its prey. The cause of death may have been due to injuries, such as a ruptured major blood vessel, caused by the fin of the smaller fish as it struggle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ichthyodectes
''Ichthyodectes'' is an extinct genus of ichthyodectid ray-finned fish which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Fossils of the species included have been found from Canada to Texas. Description ''Ichthyodectes ctenodon'' ("fish biter with comb teeth") was an ichthyodectid over in length. It lived in the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the late Cretaceous. It was closely related to the long ''Xiphactinus audax'', and the long ''Gillicus arcuatus'', and like other ichthyodectids, ''I. ctenodon'' is presumed to have been a swift predator of smaller fish. As its species name suggests, ''I. ctenodon'' had small, uniformly sized teeth, as did its smaller relative, ''G. arcuatus'', and may have simply sucked suitably sized prey into its mouth. Species *''I. acanthicus'' *''I. anaides'' *''I. arcuatus'' *''I. cruentus'' *''I. ctenodon'' *''I. elegans'' *''I. goodeanus'' *''I. hamatus'' *''I. libanicus'' *''I. minor'' *''I. multidentatus'' *''I. parvus'' *''I. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ray-finned Fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of skin supported by radially extended thin bony spines called '' lepidotrichia'', as opposed to the bulkier, fleshy lobed fins of the sister clade Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish). Resembling folding fans, the actinopterygian fins can easily change shape and wetted area, providing superior thrust-to-weight ratios per movement compared to sarcopterygian and chondrichthyian fins. The fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the articulation between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). The vast majority of actinopterygians are teleosts. By species count, they dominate the subphylum Vertebrata, and constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000 extant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Endotherm
An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον ''endon'' "within" and θέρμη ''thermē'' "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat released by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat. Such internally generated heat is mainly an incidental product of the animal's routine metabolism, but under conditions of excessive cold or low activity an endotherm might apply special mechanisms adapted specifically to heat production. Examples include special-function muscular exertion such as shivering, and uncoupled oxidative metabolism, such as within brown adipose tissue. Only birds and mammals are considered truly endothermic groups of animals. However, Argentine black and white tegu, leatherback sea turtles, lamnid sharks, tuna and billfishes, cicadas, and winter moths are mesothermic. Unlike mammals and birds, some reptiles, particularly some species of python and tegu, po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |