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Humulus
''Humulus'', hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The hop is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Hops are the female flowers (seed cones, strobiles) of the hop species '' H. lupulus''; as a main flavor and aroma ingredient in many beer styles, ''H. lupulus'' is widely cultivated for use by the brewing industry. Description Although frequently referred to in American literature as the hops "vine", it is technically a bine; unlike vines, which use tendrils, suckers, and other appendages for attaching themselves, bines have stout stems with stiff hairs to aid in climbing. In British literature the term “vine” is generally reserved for the grape genus '' Vitis''. ''Humulus'' is described as a twining perennial herbaceous plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to the cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. Hop shoots grow very rapidly, and at the peak of growth can grow per week. Hop bines climb by wrapping cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Humulus Lupulus
''Humulus lupulus'', the common hop or hops, is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family Cannabinaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and North America. It is a perennial, herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. It is dioecious (having separate male and female plants). As the female cone-shaped flowers (hops) are used to preserve and flavor beer, the species is widely cultivated by the brewing industry. Description ''Humulus lupulus'' is a perennial herbaceous plant up to tall, living up to 20 years. It has simple leaves with 3–5 deep lobes that can be opposite or alternate. The species is triggered by the longer summer days to flower, usually around July or August. The plant is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. The fragrant flowers are wind-pollinated. The staminate (male) flowers do not have petals, while the pistillate (female) flowers have petals envelopin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Humulus Americanus
''Humulus'', hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The hop is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Hops are the female flowers (seed cones, strobiles) of the hop species '' H. lupulus''; as a main flavor and aroma ingredient in many beer styles, ''H. lupulus'' is widely cultivated for use by the brewing industry. Description Although frequently referred to in American literature as the hops "vine", it is technically a bine; unlike vines, which use tendrils, suckers, and other appendages for attaching themselves, bines have stout stems with stiff hairs to aid in climbing. In British literature the term “vine” is generally reserved for the grape genus ''Vitis''. ''Humulus'' is described as a twining perennial herbaceous plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to the cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. Hop shoots grow very rapidly, and at the peak of growth can grow per week. Hop bines climb by wrapping clockwis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Humulus Japonicus
''Humulus japonicus'', known as Japanese hop, is an ornamental plant in the family Cannabaceae. Some authorities have it as a synonym of ''Humulus scandens''. Originally native to East Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and extending its habitat to Vietnam, it was imported to North America in the late 19th century as an ornamental. Since its arrival in North America, it has spread widely. It can be found throughout the Northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada, and considered an invasive species in North America. It also features on the list of invasive alien species of Union Concern since 2019. This means it can no longer be imported in the European Union. Additionally, it has become illegal to plant it, breed it, transport it, or bring it into the wild in all Member States. Nomenclature ''Humulus japonicus'' (syn. ''H. scandens'', ''Antidesma scandens'') is known by the common name of "Japanese hop", or "wild hop". The plant is called ''lü cao'' ( zh, t=葎草, labels= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Hops
Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant '' Humulus lupulus'', a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas. Hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. The hops plants have separate female and male plants, and only female plants are used for commercial production. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and United States) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer. The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cannabaceae
Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including '' Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' ( hops) and ''Celtis'' (hackberries). ''Celtis'' is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species.Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards"Cannabaceae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2014-02-25 Cannabaceae is a member of the Rosales. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (''Cannabis'') and hop (''Humulus'') are the most economically important species. Other than a shared evolutionary origin, members of the family have few common characteristics; some are trees (e.g. ''Celtis''), others are herbaceous plants (e.g. ''Cannabis''). Description Members of this family can be trees (e.g. ''Celtis''), erect herbs (e.g. '' Cannabis''), or twining herbs (e.g. '' Humulus''). Leaves are often more or less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Lupulone
Lupulone is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C26 H38 O4 and an appearance of a yellow powder which was historically used in beer brewing. However, recent studies have revealed numerous antibacterial and anti-cancer abilities of lupulone. History Since lupulone is found as a component of hops, the history of the compound can be traced back to 736 AD in southern Germany where hops plant were first cultivated. The commercial production of using lupulone in brewing was not until 1079 AD. The reason that lupulone was not utilized in beer brewing earlier on may be due to the fact that the hops plants has a bitter taste. However, brewers began to realize that beta acids of hops provided very little bitterness to the beer. Eventually, hops brewing with the use of lupulone made its way to the United States about 6 centuries later in 1629 after England introduced it. Synthesis A synthesis pathway of lupulone involves the alkenylation of 2-acylcyclohexane-1, 3, 5-tri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Xanthohumol
Xanthohumol is a natural product found in the female inflorescences of ''Humulus lupulus'', also known as hops. This compound is also found in beer and belongs to a class of compounds that contribute to the bitterness and flavor of hops. Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalconoid, biosynthesized by a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and subsequent modifying enzymes. Biosynthesis Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalconoid derived from a plant type III PKS, and is synthesized in the glandular trichromes of hop cones. L-Phenylalanine serves as the starting material, which is converted to cinnamic acid by the PLP-dependent phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Cinnamic acid is oxidized by cinnamate-4-hydroxylase and loaded onto Coenzyme A (CoA) by 4-coumarate CoA ligase to yield 4-hydroxy-cinnamoyl CoA, the starter unit for PKS extension. This molecule is extended three times with malonyl CoA, cyclized through a Claisen condensation, and aromatized through tautomerization to form naringenin cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Beer
Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer.Barth, Roger. ''The Chemistry of Beer: The Science in the Suds'', Wiley 2013: . Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the productio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Vine
A vine ( Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Daydon (1928). ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent'', 4th ed. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines ('' Vitis''), while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants. Growth forms Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available. A vine displays a growth form based on very long stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bine (botany)
A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth Habit (biology), habit of trailing or wikt:scandent, scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Daydon (1928). ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent'', 4th ed. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines (''Vitis''), while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants. Growth forms Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and Solanum dulcamara, bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available. A vine displays a growth form based on very long Plant stem, stems. This has two purpo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can reproduction, produce Fertility, fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology (biology), morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011. All species (except viruses) are given a binomial nomenclature, two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Vegetative Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or cloning) is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or cutting of the parent plant or specialized reproductive structures, which are sometimes called vegetative propagules. Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but it can also be induced artificially. Horticulturists have developed asexual propagation techniques that use vegetative propagules to replicate plants. Success rates and difficulty of propagation vary greatly. Monocotyledons typically lack a vascular cambium, making them more challenging to propagate. Background Plant propagation is the process of plant reproduction of a species or cultivar, and it can be sexual or asexual. It can happen through the use of vegetative parts of the plants, such as leaves, stems, and roots to produce new plants or through growth from specialized vegetative plant parts. Wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |