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Gymnodiniales
The Gymnodiniales are an order (biology), order of dinoflagellates, of the class (biology), class Dinophyceae. Members of the order are known as gymnodinioid or gymnodinoid (terms that can also refer to any organism of similar morphology). They are theca, athecate, or lacking an armored exterior, and as a result are relatively difficult to study because specimens are easily damaged. Many species are part of the marine plankton and are of interest primarily due to being found in algal blooms. As a group the gymnodinioids have been described as "likely one of the least known groups of the open ocean phytoplankton." Of the families in the order, the Polykrikaceae and Warnowiaceae are well known for possessing exceptionally complex assemblies of organelles, such as nematocyst (dinoflagellate), nematocysts, trichocysts, and piston (subcellular structure), pistons. The Warnowiaceae uniquely possess an ocelloid, an extremely complex light-sensitive subcellular structure composed of mitoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torodinium
''Torodinium'' (ˌtɔɹoʊˈdɪniəm) is a genus of unarmored dinoflagellates and comprises two species, ''Torodinium robustum'' and the type species ''Torodinium teredo''.Kofoid, C.A. and Swezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA The establishment of ''Torodinium'', as well as the characterization of the majority of its morphology (biology), morphology, occurred in 1921 and further advances since have been slow. Lack of research is largely due to its extremely fragile and easily deformed nature, which also renders fossil records implausible. The genus was originally characterized by torsion of the sulcus and a anatomical terms of location, posterior cingulum. Since then, new distinctive features have been discovered including an extremely reduced hyposome, a anatomical terms of location, longitudinally ribbed episome, and a canal on the anatomical terms of location, dextro-lateral side.Gómez, F., Takayama, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polykrikaceae
The Polykrikaceae (also known as Polykrikidae) are a family of athecate dinoflagellates of the order Gymnodiniales. Members of the family are known as polykrikoids. The family contains two genera: ''Polykrikos'' and '' Pheopolykrikos''. Characteristics The most distinctive feature of polykrikoids is their formation of multinucleate "pseudocolonies" consisting of an even number of subunit zooids. The two genera differ in number of nuclei; possessing two nuclei regardless of the number of zooids is a synapomorphy for ''Polykrikos'', whereas ''Pheopolykrikos'' possess equal numbers of nuclei and zooids. Along with the Warnowiaceae (warnowiids), polykrikoids are known for possessing unusually complex subcellular structures. In particular, an extrusome complex of two organelles called the nematocyst and taeniocyst is considered a synapomorphy for ''Polykrikos''. Molecular phylogenetics studies suggest some inconsistency in the taxonomy of this group, particularly in the assignmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kareniaceae
Kareniaceae is an accepted marine family of relatively small, toxic, unarmored dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales. Species in the Kareniaceae clade often cause harmful discolored green algal blooms (HABs) that pose a safety and health risk to humans (''H. sapiens'') and the surrounding regions. Such blooms also pose a risk to coastal aquaculture worldwide, especially in places like France, the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea. Species in this family produce neurotoxins like brevetoxins, which cause human shellfish poisoning ( HSP), respiratory effects and mass fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ... death. Genera Source: * '' Asterodinium'' Sournia * '' Brachidinium'' Sournia * '' Gertia'' K.Takahashi et Iwataki * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratoperidiniaeceae
Ceratoperidiniaeceae is a family of unarmored dinoflagellates in the order Gymnodiniales The Gymnodiniales are an order (biology), order of dinoflagellates, of the class (biology), class Dinophyceae. Members of the order are known as gymnodinioid or gymnodinoid (terms that can also refer to any organism of similar morphology). They a ..., first described in 2013. The family is named for the first described species, '' Ceratoperidinium margalefii''. Members of the family were found to have morphological similarities, particularly the acrobase structure which was found to be common among the species included in the family. Member species possess chloroplasts. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q42266377 Taxa described in 2013 Gymnodiniales Dinoflagellate families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akashiwo Sanguinea
''Akashiwo sanguinea'' is a species of marine dinoflagellates well known for forming blooms that result in red tides. The organism is unarmored (naked). Therefore, it lacks a thick cellulose wall, the theca, common in other genera of dinoflagellates. Reproduction of the phytoplankton species is primarily asexual. Recently recognized as mixotrophic, ''A. sanguinea'' is capable of preying on various organisms. For example, ''A. sanguinea'' is found to be capable of ingesting the cyanobacterium ''Synechococcus'' sp. at values comparable to other heterotrophic phytoplankton. This suggests implications it may have on the grazing impact of '' Synechococcus''. Description Despite its lack of thecal plates, a prominent feature helpful in identifying armored flagellates, ''A. sanguinea'' is relatively large and easily recognizable. Like most dinoflagellates, one flagellum is complex, wrapping around the equator of the cell in a groove. The other flagellum extends out from the cell to help ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyrodinium Spirale
''Gyrodinium'' is a genus of dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales within class Dinophyceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. World Register of Marine Species lists 141 species, with many synonyms. They are heterotrophic (cannot produce its own food) and feed on diatoms (such as '' Chaetoceros debilis'') that can be up to 12 times their length. They are 'naked' dinoflagellates, meaning they lack armor (or cellulosic plates). Species 54 species, as accepted by the GBIF: *'' Gyrodinium aciculatum'' *'' Gyrodinium ascendans'' *'' Gyrodinium aureum'' *'' Gyrodinium britannicum'' *'' Gyrodinium calyptoglyphe'' *''Gyrodinium calyptroglyphe'' *'' Gyrodinium capsulatum'' *'' Gyrodinium carteretensis'' *'' Gyrodinium caudatum'' *''Gyrodinium citrinum'' *''Gyrodinium cochlea'' *''Gyrodinium complanatum'' *''Gyrodinium corallinum'' *''Gyrodinium crassum'' *''Gyrodinium dominans'' *''Gyrodinium estuariale'' *''Gyrodinium falcatum'' *''Gyrodinium ferrugineu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnodiniaceae
Gymnodiniaceae is a family of dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales. Genera As accepted by GBIF; * '' Akashiwo'' G.Hansen & Moestrup (1) * '' Algidasphaeridium'' Matsuoka & Bujak, 1988 (3) * '' Amphidinium'' (1) * '' Apicoporus'' (1) * '' Barrufeta'' (1) * '' Bernardinium'' (4) * '' Cochlodinium'' (28) * '' Filodinium'' (1) * ''Gymnodinium'' (308) * '' Gyrodinium'' (55) * '' Lebouridinium'' (1) * '' Lepidodinium'' (2) * '' Levanderina'' (1) * '' Nusuttodinium'' (5) * '' Pelagodinium'' (1) * '' Plectodinium'' (1) * '' Pseliodinium'' (1) * '' Schillingia'' (1) * '' Sclerodinium'' (2) * '' Spiniferodinium'' (2) * '' Togula'' (3) * ''Torodinium ''Torodinium'' (ˌtɔɹoʊˈdɪniəm) is a genus of unarmored dinoflagellates and comprises two species, ''Torodinium robustum'' and the type species ''Torodinium teredo''.Kofoid, C.A. and Swezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate ...'' (2) The number in brackets is the assumed number of sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinophyceae
Dinophyceae is a class of dinoflagellates. Taxonomy * Class Dinophyceae Pascher 1914 [Peridinea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein; Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al. 1993 orthog. emend.] ** Order Haplozoonales [Haplozooidea Poche 1913] *** Family Haplozoonaceae Chatton 1920 ** Order Akashiwales *** Family Akashiwaceae ** Order Blastodiniales Chatton 1906 [Blastodinida Chatton 1906] *** Family Blastodiniaceae Cavers 1913 ** Order Apodiniales *** Family Apodiniaceae Chatton 1920 ** Order Dinotrichales Pascher 1914 *** Family Crypthecodiniaceae Biecheler 1938 ex Chatton 1952 *** Family Dinotrichaceae Pascher 1914 ** Order Phytodiniales T. Christ. 1962 ex Loeblich 1970 [Dinococcales Pascher 1914; Suessiales Fensome & al. 1993; Dinamoebales] *** Family †Suessiaceae Fensome et al. 1993 *** Family Phytodiniaceae Klebs 1912 [Dinococcaceae Fott 1960; Hemidiniaceae Bourrelly 1970; Borghiellaceae Moestrup, Lindberg & Daugbjerg 2009] *** Family Symbiodiniaceae Fensome & al. 1993 [Zooxa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piston (subcellular Structure)
A piston (also known as a dart, prod, or tentacle) is a complex contractile organelle found in some dinoflagellates, namely the ''Erythropsidinium'' and ''Greuetodinium'' genera of the family Warnowiaceae. This group is also well known for possessing other unusually complex subcellular structures such as the ocelloid and nematocyst (dinoflagellate), nematocyst. Observations of ''Erythropsidinium'' samples reveal that the length of the piston is highly variable across specimens. The piston is known to be capable of repetitive and dramatic contractile motion; although its function is unknown, roles in locomotion, prey capture, and defense have been suggested. References Organelles {{microbiology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warnowiaceae
The Warnowiaceae are a family of athecate dinoflagellates (a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes). Members of the family are known as warnowiids. The family is best known for a light-sensitive subcellular structure known as the ocelloid, a highly complex arrangement of organelles with a structure directly analogous to the eyes of multicellular organisms. The ocelloid has been shown to be composed of multiple types of endosymbionts, namely mitochondria and at least one type of plastid. Habitat and life cycle Warnowiids are found in marine plankton but are very rare in most plankton samples. Little is known about their life histories because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory, and samples obtained from the natural environment do not survive well under laboratory conditions. Studies of wild samples have found evidence of distinctive structures called trichocysts in warnowiid cell vacuoles, suggesting that their prey might be other dinoflagellates. Despite the complexit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karenia Brevis
''Karenia brevis'' is a microscopic, single-celled, photosynthetic organism in the genus '' Karenia''. It is a marine dinoflagellate commonly found in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. It is the organism responsible for the "Florida red tides" that affect the Gulf coasts of Florida and Texas in the U.S., and nearby coasts of Mexico. ''K. brevis'' has been known to travel great lengths around the Florida peninsula and as far north as the Carolinas. Each cell has two flagella that allow it to move through the water in a spinning motion. ''K. brevis'' is unarmored, and does not contain peridinin. Cells are between 20 and 40 μm in diameter. ''K. brevis'' naturally produces a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively called brevetoxins, which cause gastrointestinal and neurological problems in other organisms and are responsible for large die-offs of marine organisms and seabirds. History The classification of ''K. brevis'' has changed over time as advances in technology are mad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinoflagellate
The Dinoflagellates (), also called Dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey ( phagotrophy and myzocytosis). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms. Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, '' Oodinium'' and '' Pfiesteria''). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
