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Goal
A goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan, and commit to achieve. People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines. A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value. Goal setting Goal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology. Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, the fathers of goal-setting theory, provided a comprehensive review of the core findings of the theory in 2002. In summary, Locke and Latham found that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than either easy goals or instructions to "do your best", as long as feedback about progress is provided, the person is committed to the goal, and the person has the abil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goal Setting
Goal setting involves the development of an action plan designed in order to motivate and guide a person or group toward a goal. Goals are more deliberate than desires and momentary intentions. Therefore, setting goals means that a person has committed thought, emotion, and behavior towards attaining the goal. In doing so, the goal setter has established a desired future state which differs from their current state thus creating a mismatch which in turn spurs future actions. Goal setting can be guided by goal-setting criteria (or rules) such as SMART criteria. Goal setting is a major component of personal development, personal-development and management literature. Studies by Edwin A. Locke and his colleagues, most notably, Gary Latham have shown that more specific and ambitious goals lead to more performance improvement than easy or general goals. Difficult goals should be set ideally at the 90th percentile of performance, assuming that motivation and not ability is limiting attai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goal Pursuit
Goal pursuit is the process of attempting to achieve a desired future outcome. This generally follows goal setting, the process of forming these desires. Definition Gollwitzer and Brandstatter (1997) define four phases of goal pursuit as * predecisional ("setting preferences between concurring wishes and desires"), * preactional ("promoting the initiation of goal-directed actions"), * actional ("bringing goal-directed actions to a successful ending"), and * postactional ("evaluating what has been achieved as compared to what was desired"). Research This article overviews literature on motivation and persistence to accomplish a goal once goal activities have begun (i.e. the actional phase), with specific applications to the field of marketing and consumer behavior. Motivation Goal Gradient Hypothesis Goal progress is a measure of advancement toward accomplishment of a goal. Perceptions of progress often impact human motivation to pursue a goal. Hull (1932, 1934) deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Personal Goal Setting
Goal pursuit is the process of attempting to achieve Goal, a desired future outcome. This generally follows goal setting, the process of forming these desires. Definition Gollwitzer and Brandstatter (1997) define four phases of goal pursuit as * predecisional ("setting preferences between concurring wishes and desires"), * preactional ("promoting the initiation of goal-directed actions"), * actional ("bringing goal-directed actions to a successful ending"), and * postactional ("evaluating what has been achieved as compared to what was desired"). Research This article overviews literature on motivation and Persistence (psychology), persistence to accomplish a goal once goal activities have begun (i.e. the actional phase), with specific applications to the field of marketing and consumer behavior. Motivation Goal Gradient Hypothesis Goal progress is a measure of advancement toward accomplishment of a goal. Perceptions of progress often impact human motivation to pursue a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motivation
Motivation is an mental state, internal state that propels individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior. It is often understood as a force that explains why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed. It contrasts with #Amotivation and akrasia, amotivation, which is a state of apathy or listlessness. Motivation is studied in fields like psychology, neuroscience, motivation science, and philosophy. Motivational states are characterized by their direction, Motivational intensity, intensity, and persistence. The direction of a motivational state is shaped by the goal it aims to achieve. Intensity is the strength of the state and affects whether the state is translated into action and how much effort is employed. Persistence refers to how long an individual is willing to engage in an activity. Motivation is often divided into two phases: in the first phase, the indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMART Criteria
S.M.A.R.T. (or SMART) is an acronym used as a mnemonic device to establish criteria for effective Goal setting, goal-setting and objective development. This framework is commonly applied in various fields, including project management, employee performance management, and personal development. The term was first proposed by George T. Doran in the November 1981 issue of ''Management Review'', where he advocated for setting objectives that are specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and time-bound—hence the acronym S.M.A.R.T. Since its inception, the SMART framework has evolved, leading to the emergence of different variations of the acronym. Commonly used versions incorporate alternative words, including ''attainable'', ''relevant'', and ''timely''. Additionally, several authors have introduced supplementary letters to the acronym. For instance, some refer to SMARTS goals, which include the element of "self-defined", while others utilize SMARTER goals. Proponents of SMART ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planning
Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel. Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in human evolution. Planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. It involves the use of logic and imagination to visualize not only a desired result, but the steps necessary to achieve that result. An important aspect of planning is its relationship to forecasting. Forecasting aims to predict what the future will look like, while planning imagines what the future could look like. Planning according to established principles - most notably since the early-20th century - forms a core part of many professional occupations, particularly in fields such as management and business. Once people have developed a plan, they can measure and assess progress, efficiency and effectiveness. As circu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mission Statement
A mission statement is a short statement of why an organization exists, what its overall goal is, the goal of its operations: what kind of product or service it provides, its primary customers or market, and its geographical region of operation. It may include a short statement of such fundamental matters as the organization's values or philosophies, a business's main competitive advantages, or a desired future state—the "vision". Historically it is associated with Christian religious groups; indeed, for many years, a missionary was assumed to be a person on a specifically religious mission. The word "mission" dates from 1598, originally of Jesuits sending ("missio", Latin for "act of sending") members abroad. A mission statement is not simply a description of an organization by an external party, but an expression, made by an organization's leaders, of their desires and intent for the organization. A mission statement aims to communicate the organisation's purpose and d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subjective Well-being
Subjective well-being (SWB) is a concept of well-being (happiness) that focus on evaluations from the perspective of the people who's lives are being evaluated rather than from some objective viewpoint. SWB measures often rely on self-reports, but that does not make them SWB measures. Objective measures of wellbeing are also sometimes measured with self-reports and SWB can also be measured with informant ratings. Ed Diener defined SWB in terms of three indicators of subjective well-being: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction." SWB includes two different subjective measures of well-being that are based on different definitions of happiness. Experiences of positive affect (mood, emotions), and experiences of negative affect (mood, emotions) can be used to create a measure of the amount of positive and negative affect in people's lives. These hedonic balance scores measure subjective wellbeing from a hedonistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coaching
Coaching is a form of development in which an experienced person, called a ''coach'', supports a learner or client in achieving a specific personal or professional goal by providing training and guidance. The learner is sometimes called a ''coachee''. Occasionally, ''coaching'' may mean an informal relationship between two people, of whom one has more experience and expertise than the other and offers advice and guidance as the latter learns; but coaching differs from mentoring by focusing on specific tasks or objectives, as opposed to more general goals or overall development. Origins The word "coaching" originated in the 16th century and initially referred to a method of transportation, specifically a horse-drawn carriage. It derived from the Hungarian word which meant a carriage from the village of Kocs, known for producing high-quality carriages. Over time, the term "coaching" transitioned from its literal transportation context to metaphorically represent the process of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Gollwitzer
Peter Max Gollwitzer (born 29 June 1950 in Nabburg) is a German professor of psychology in the Psychology Department at New York University. His research centers on how goals and plans affect cognition, emotion, and behavior. Gollwitzer has developed several models of action control: the symbolic self-completion theory (with Robert A. Wicklund); the Rubicon Model of Action Phases (with Heinz Heckhausen); the Auto-Motive Model of Automatic Goal Striving (with John A. Bargh); the Mindset Theory of Action Phases (MAP); and the distinction between action control by Goal Intentions vs. Implementation Intentions (i.e., if-then plans). Gollwitzer's experimental research based on these models delineates the various underlying psychological mechanisms of action control, and it distills the respective moderators. His recent research uses previous insights on action control by if-then planning to develop powerful time and cost effective behavior change interventions; this work is rooted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emotional Control
In psychology, control is a person's ability or perception of their ability to affect themselves, others, their conditions, their environment or some other circumstance. Control over oneself or others can extend to the regulation of emotions, thoughts, actions, impulses, memory, attention or experiences. There are several types of control, including: * Perceived control (a person's perception of their own control and abilities to achieve outcomes) * Desired control (the amount of control one seeks within a relationship or other circumstance) * Cognitive control (the ability to select one's thoughts and actions) * Emotional control (the ability to regulate one's feelings or attitudes toward something) * Motivational control (one's ability to act on prescribed behaviors) * Inhibitory control (the ability to inhibit thoughts or actions in favor of others) * Social control (selecting one's environment for personal benefit) * Ego control (the attempt to regulate impulses or attent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arousal
Arousal is the physiology, physiological and psychology, psychological state of being awoken or of Five senses, sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the human brain, brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire, mobility, and reactivity. Arousal is mediated by several neural systems. Wakefulness is regulated by the ARAS, which is composed of projections from five major neurotransmitter systems that originate in the brainstem and form connections extending throughout the Cerebral cortex, cortex; activity within the ARAS is regulated by neurons that release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine. Activation of these neurons produces an increase in cortical activity and subsequently alertness. Arousal is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
