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Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in about 455 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs, some attack larvae, others are hyperparasites, and some Encyrtidae develop as parasitoids of ticks). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and are extremely important as biological control agents. They may also present as an ecological threat to the population of some species. For example, the endangered '' Papilio homerus'' butterfly is parasitized at a rate of 77%, making them the main contributor to egg mortality in this (and other) butterfly species. Some species exhibit a remarkable developmental phenomenon called "polyembryony", in which a single egg multiplies clonally in the host and produces large numbers of identical adult wasps.Segoli, M., Harari, A. R., Rosenheim, J. A., Bous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyrtinae
Encyrtinae is a subfamily of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae. Genera - ''Acerophagus'' - ''Achalcerinys'' - ''Adelencyrtoides'' - ''Adelencyrtus'' - ''Adencyrtus'' - ''Admirencyrtus'' - ''Aenasiella'' - ''Aenasomyiella'' - ''Aesaria'' - ''Aethognathus'' - ''Agarwalencyrtus'' - ''Agekianella'' - ''Ageniaspis'' - ''Agromyzaphagus'' - ''Allencyrtus'' - ''Allocerchysius'' - ''Aloencyrtus'' - ''Amauroencyrtus'' - ''Ameromyzobia'' - ''Amicencyrtus'' - ''Amicroterys'' - ''Amira (wasp), Amira'' - ''Ammonoencyrtus'' - ''Anagyrodes'' - ''Anasemion'' - ''Andinoencyrtus'' - ''Anicetus (wasp), Anicetus'' - ''Anisophleps'' - ''Anthemus (wasp), Anthemus'' - ''Aphidencyrtoides'' - ''Aphycinus'' - ''Aphycoides'' - ''Aphycomastix'' - ''Aphycomorpha'' - ''Aphycopsis'' - ''Aphyculus'' - ''Aphycus'' - ''Apsilophrys'' - ''Archinus (wasp), Archinus'' - ''Argutencyrtus'' - ''Arhopoidiella'' - ''Arketypon'' - ''Arrhenophagoidea'' - ''Arrhenophagus'' - ''Arzonella'' - ''Aschitus'' - ''Aseirba'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archencyrtus
''Archencyrtus'' is an extinct genus of wasp in the Chalcidoidea family Encyrtidae. The genus contains a single described species, ''Archencyrtus rasnitsyni'' known from a Middle Eocene fossil that was found in Eastern Asia. History and classification When first described, ''Archencyrtus'' was known from a single fossil insect included in a transparent chunk of Sakhalin amber. While being studied the fossil was part of the amber collections housed in the Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Sakhalin amber is recovered from fossil bearing rocks in the Sakhalin region of Eastern Russia. At the time of description the amber, which originates from the Lower Due Formation, was estimated to be of Middle Eocene age. The amber fossil specimen was first studied by paleoentomologist S. A. Simutnik of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with his 2014 type description for the genus and species being published in the ''Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal''. The genus name wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in about 455 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs, some attack larvae, others are hyperparasites, and some Encyrtidae develop as parasitoids of ticks). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and are extremely important as biological control agents. They may also present as an ecological threat to the population of some species. For example, the endangered '' Papilio homerus'' butterfly is parasitized at a rate of 77%, making them the main contributor to egg mortality in this (and other) butterfly species. Some species exhibit a remarkable developmental phenomenon called "polyembryony", in which a single egg multiplies clonally in the host and produces large numbers of identical adult wasps.Segoli, M., Harari, A. R., Rosenheim, J. A., Bous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalcidoidea
Chalcid wasps (, , for their metallic colour) are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily. Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids of other insects, though other life styles are known, with the herbivorous fig wasps acting as pollinators. Various species are used as biological pest control agents or in scientific research. Description Chalcidoids are generally small wasps, averaging 1.5 mm in length and usually being less than 3 mm. The body is often metallic in colour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Encyrtid Genera
There are approximately 506 genera within the family Encyrtidae (Apocrita, Hymenoptera). There are two subfamilies: Encyrtinae and Tetracneminae. * subfamily ''Encyrtinae'' Walker 1837 **'' Acerophagus'' Smith 1880 **'' Achalcerinys'' Girault 1915 **'' Adelencyrtoides'' Tachikawa & Valentine 1969 **'' Adelencyrtus'' Ashmead 1900 **'' Adencyrtus'' Prinsloo 1977 **'' Admirencyrtus'' Hoffer 1960 **'' Aenasiella'' Girault 1914 **'' Aenasomyiella'' Girault 1915 **'' Aesaria'' Noyes & Woolley 1994 **'' Aethognathus'' Silvestri 1915 **'' Agarwalencyrtus'' Hayat 1981 **'' Agekianella'' Trjapitzin 1981 **'' Ageniaspis'' Dahlbom 1857 **'' Agromyzaphagus'' Gahan 1912 **'' Allencyrtus'' Annecke & Mynhardt 1973 **'' Allocerchysius'' Hoffer 1963 **'' Aloencyrtus'' Prinsloo 1978 **'' Amauroencyrtus'' De Santis 1985 **'' Ameromyzobia'' Girault 1916 **'' Amicencyrtus'' Hayat 1981 **'' Amicroterys'' Myartseva 1983 **'' Amira'' Girault 1913 **'' Ammonoencyrtus'' De Santis 1964 **'' Anagyrodes'' Gira ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyembryony
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents. The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents, but the similarity among siblings, are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction. Polyembryony can occur in humans, resulting in identical twins, though the process is random and at a low frequency. Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Evolution of polyembryony The evolution of polyembryony and the potential evolutionary advantages that may entail have been studied. In parasitoid wasps, there are several hypotheses surrounding the evolutionary advantages of polyembryony, one of them being that it allows female wasps that are small in size to increase the number of potential offspr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tick
Ticks are parasitic arachnids of the order Ixodida. They are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, and species, but can become larger when engorged. Ticks are external parasites, living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. The timing of the origin of ticks is uncertain, though the oldest known tick fossils are around 100 million years old, and come from the Cretaceous period. Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates. Ticks belong to two major families: the Ixodidae, or hard ticks, and the Argasidae, or soft ticks. '' Nuttalliella'', a genus of tick from southern Africa, is the only member of the family Nuttalliellidae, and represents the most primitive living lineage of ticks. Adults have ovoid/pear-shaped bodies (idiosomas) which become engorged with blood when they feed, and eight legs. Their cephalotho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papilio Homerus
''Papilio homerus'', commonly known as the Homerus swallowtail or Jamaican swallowtail, is the largest butterfly species in the Western Hemisphere. The species is endangered and faces a potentially bleak future. Only two small populations of the Homerus swallowtail remain in a fraction of their original environment. It is endemic to Jamaica where the butterfly simultaneously serves as an icon of national pride and a need for conservation efforts. Over the past half century, the Jamaican swallowtail has been featured on various postal stamps and the Jamaican $1000 bill. In the face of rapid habitat destruction from human disruption and illegal collecting, the Jamaican swallowtail is listed on the ''Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World'' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( Red List) and is protected under international and national level legislation. The butterfly is named in honor of the Greek poet Homer. The adult butterfly has been described by r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anicetus Communis
''Anicetus communis'' is a parasitic wasp species in the genus '' Anicetus''. References * Annecke, D.P. (1967) The genera , Anicetus, Howard, 1896, , Paracerapterocerus, Girault, 1920, and allies, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)., JOURBOOK: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London VOLUME: 119 PAGES: 99–169 External links * Encyrtinae Insects described in 1967 {{chalcidoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Larva
A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. A larva's appearance is generally very different from the adult form (''e.g.'' caterpillars and butterflies) including different unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form. Their diet may also be considerably different. In the case of smaller primitive arachnids, the larval stage differs by having three instead of four pairs of legs. Larvae are frequently adapted to different environments than adults. For example, some larvae such as tadpoles live almost exclusively in aquatic environments but can live outside water as adult frogs. By living in a distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population. Animals in the lar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cercus
Cerci (: cercus) are paired appendages usually on the rear-most segments of many arthropods, including insects and symphylans. Many forms of cerci serve as sensory organs, but some serve as pinching weapons or as organs of copulation. In many insects, they simply may be functionless vestigial structures. In basal arthropods, such as silverfish, the cerci originate from the eleventh abdominal segment. As segment eleven is reduced or absent in the majority of arthropods, in such cases, the cerci emerge from the tenth abdominal segment. It is not clear that other structures so named are homologous. In the Symphyla they are associated with spinnerets. Morphology and functions Most cerci are segmented and jointed, or filiform (threadlike), but some take very different forms. Some Diplura, in particular ''Japyx'' species, have large, stout forcipate (pincer-like) cerci that they use in capturing their prey. The Dermaptera, or earwigs, are well known for the forcipate cerci that most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institute Of Food And Agricultural Sciences
An institute is an organizational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes can be part of a university or other institutions of higher education, either as a group of departments or an autonomous educational institution without a traditional university status such as a "university institute", or institute of technology. In some countries, such as South Korea and India, private schools are sometimes referred to as institutes; also, in Spain, secondary schools are referred to as institutes. Historically, in some countries, institutes were educational units imparting vocational training and often incorporating libraries, also known as mechanics' institutes. The word "institute" comes from the Latin word ''institutum'' ("facility" or "habit"), in turn derived from ''instituere'' ("build", "create", "raise" or "edu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
