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East Bodish Languages
The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include: * Dakpa (Tawang Monpa) * Dzala * Nyen, including Mangde and Phobjib * Chali * Bumthang * Kheng * Kurtöp Overview "Bod" ( བོད) is the endonym for Tibet. The term "East Bodish" first appeared in Shafer (1955). He classified "Dwags" (Takpa) into the "East Bodish Unit" within the Bodish Branch of Sino-Tibetan. *Bodic Section **Bodish Branch ***West Bodish Unit ***Central Bodish Unit ***South Bodish Unit ***East Bodish Unit **Gurung Branch **Tshangla Branch ** Rgyalrong Branch Michael Aris mentioned the " Bum-thang" language spoken in areas such as " Tongsa", "Mangdelung", Kheng, and " Kurtö", which retains "the most archaic features of all the Bhutanese languages" George van Driem states that Bumthang, Kheng and Kurtöp could be considered dialects of a single language. Bhutanese anthropologist Kelzang Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhutan
Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , Bhutan ranks List of countries and dependencies by area, 133rd in land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, 160th in population. Bhutan is a Democracy, democratic constitutional monarchy with a King of Bhutan, King as the head of state and a Prime Minister of Bhutan, prime minister as the head of government. The Je Khenpo is the head of the state religion, Vajrayana Buddhism. The Himalayas, Himalayan mountains in the north rise from the country's lush subtropical plains in the south. In the Mountains of Bhutan, Bhutanese Himalayas, there are peaks higher than above sea level. Gangkhar Puensum is Bhutan's highest peak and is the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The wildlife of Bhutan is notable for its diversi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tamang Languages
The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages (Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from ''Bod'', the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang- Gurung- Thakali- Manang. Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri. Languages The Tamangic languages are: * Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers) *Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility) * Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang) *Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages. * Chantyal * Ghale languages (Ghale Ghale is an ethnic group in Nepal with a unique cultural heritage and language, which serves as a significant aspect of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzongkha
Dzongkha (; ) is a Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman language that is the official and national language of Bhutan. It is written using the Tibetan script. The word means "the language of the fortress", from ' "fortress" and ' "language". , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha is a Tibetic languages, South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya dialect, Laya and Lunana dialect, Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese language, Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocangaca language, Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa language, Brokpa, Brokkat language, Brokkat and Lakha language, Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible. Classification Dzongkha is considered a Tibetic languages, South Tibetic language. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese language, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tshangla Language
Tshangla is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodish branch closely related to the Tibetic languages. Tshangla is primarily spoken in Eastern Bhutan and acts as a lingua franca in the region; it is also spoken in the adjoining Tawang tract in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and the Pemako region of Tibet. Tshangla is the principal pre-Tibetan language of Bhutan. Classification Tshangla is frequently assumed to be close to the Tibetic languages. Bradley (2002) includes in among the East Bodish languages. Van Driem (2011), however, leaves it unclassified within Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. Bodt (2012:188-189) classifies Tshangla as a Bodish language, but notes that Tshangla (like East Bodish) is related to, but not directly descended, from Classical Tibetan. Grollmann & Gerber (2023) note that Tshangla is not particularly closely related to Bodish at all and should be placed in a separate part of the Trans-Himalayan linguistic phylum. Varieties Tshangla is a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolas Tournadre
Nicolas Tournadre is a professor at the University of Provence specializing in morphosyntax and typology. He is a member of the LACITO lab of the CNRS. His research mainly deals with ergative morphosyntax and grammatical semantics of tense, aspect, mood and evidentiality. Tournadre specializes in Tibetic languages. Since 1986, he has carried out fieldwork on the Tibetan High Plateau, in the Himalayas and the Karakoram in China, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. Tournadre taught at the Institute of Oriental Languages (Inalco), at the Paris 8 University, at the University of Virginia and conducted research in the Tibet Academy of Social Sciences. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1992 at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle under the supervision of Claude Hagège. In 2000, he was awarded the CNRS Bronze Medal. Publications *''Manual of Standard Tibetan'' with Sangda Dorje. (2 CDs), preface : Matthew Kapstein, Snowlion. Ithaca, New York. French Edition: Avec Sangda D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Tibetan
Old Tibetan refers to the earliest attested form of Tibetan language, reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the Tibetan Empire in the mid-7th century to the early 9th century. In 816 CE, during the reign of Tibetan King Sadnalegs, literary Tibetan underwent comprehensive standardization, resulting in Classical Tibetan. Phonology Old Tibetan is characterised by many features that are lost in Classical Tibetan, including ''my-'' rather than ''m-'' before the vowels ''-i-'' and ''-e-'', the cluster ''sts-'' which simplifies to ''s-'' in Classical Tibetan, and a reverse form of the vowel letter for ''i'' (''gi-gu''). Aspiration was not phonemic and many words were written indiscriminately with consonants from the aspirated or unaspirated series. Most consonants could be palatalized, and the palatal series from the Tibetan script represents palatalized coronals. The sound conventionally transcribed with the letter འ ( Wylie: 'a) was a voiced velar fricative, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Van Driem
George "Sjors" van Driem (born 1957) is a Dutch professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of Bern. He studied East Asian languages and is known for the father tongue hypothesis. Education * Leiden University, 1983–1987 (PhD, ''A Grammar of Limbu'') * Leiden University, 1981–1983 (MA Slavic, BA English, MA General Linguistics) * Leiden University, 1979–1981 (BA Slavic) * University of Virginia at Charlottesville, 1975–1979 (BA Biology) * Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1978–1979 * Watling Island Marine Biological Station on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas, 1977 * Duke University at Durham, North Carolina, 1976 Research George van Driem has conducted field research in the Himalayas since 1983. He was commissioned by the Royal Government of Bhutan to codify a grammar of Dzongkha, the national language, design a phonological romanisation for the language known as Roman Dzongkha, and complete a survey of the language communities of the kingdom. He and nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurtoe Gewog
Kurtoed Gewog (Dzongkha: ཀུར་སྟོད་) is a gewog (village block) of Lhuntse District, Bhutan. It is inhabited by speakers of the Kurtöp language The Kurtöp language (Dzongkha: ཀུར་ཏོ་པ་ཁ་; Wylie: ''Kur-to-pa kha''; Kurtöpkha, also called Kurtö and Zhâke) is an East Bodish language spoken in Kurtoe Gewog, Lhuntse District, Bhutan. In 1993, there were about 10,0 .... References {{coord, 27.8500, N, 90.9667, E, source:wikidata, display=title Gewogs of Bhutan Lhuntse District ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trongsa
Trongsa, previously Tongsa (, ), is a Thromde or town, and the capital of Trongsa District in central Bhutan. The name means "new village" in Dzongkha. The first temple was built in 1543 by the Drukpa lama Ngagi Wangchuck, who was the great-grandfather of Ngawang Namgyal, Zhabdrung Rinpoche, the unifier of Bhutan. Trongsa Dzong Chökhor Raptentse Dzong at Trongsa which was built in 1644, used to be the seat of power of the Wangchuck dynasty before it became rulers of Bhutan in 1907. Traditionally the King of Bhutan first becomes the Trongsa Penlop (governor) before being named Crown Prince and eventually King. Built on a mountain spur high above the gorges of the Mangde Chhu, the dzong controlled east-west trade for centuries. The only road connecting eastern and western Bhutan (the precursor to the modern Lateral Road), passed through the courtyard of the dzong. At the command of the ''penlop'' the massive doors could be shut, dividing the country in two. Higher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
