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EPR (nuclear Reactor)
The EPR is a Generation III reactor, Generation III+ pressurised water reactor design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (part of Areva between 2001 and 2017) and Électricité de France (EDF) in France, and by Siemens in Germany. In Europe, this reactor design was called European Pressurised Reactor, and the internationalised name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but it has been simplified to EPR. The first operational EPR unit was China's Taishan Nuclear Power Plant, Taishan 1, which started commercial operation in December 2018. Taishan 2 started commercial operation in September 2019. European units have been so far plagued with prolonged construction delays and substantial cost overruns. The first EPR unit to start construction, at Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant#Unit 3, Olkiluoto in Finland, originally intended to be commissioned in 2009, started commercial operation in 2023, a delay of fourteen years. The second EPR unit to start construction, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EPR OLK3 Lage
EPR may refer to: Science and technology * EPR (nuclear reactor), European Pressurised-Water Reactor * EPR paradox (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox), in physics * Earth potential rise, in electrical engineering * East Pacific Rise, a mid-oceanic ridge * Electron paramagnetic resonance * Engine pressure ratio, of a jet engine * Ethylene propylene rubber * Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope (Evpatoria planetary radar) * Bernays–Schönfinkel class or effectively propositional, in mathematical logic * WS-Addressing#Endpoint references, Endpoint references in Web addressing * Ethnic Power Relations, dataset of ethnic groups * ePrivacy Regulation (ePR), proposal for the regulation of various privacy-related topics, mostly in relation to electronic communications within the European Union Medicine * Enhanced permeability and retention effect, a controversial concept in cancer research * Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation, a medical procedure * Electronic patient record Environ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium radioactive decay, radioactively decays, usually by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different isotopes of uranium, isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordial nuclide, primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few Parts-per notation#Parts-per expressions, parts per million in soil, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autorité De Sûreté Nucléaire
The ''Autorité de sûreté nucléaire'' (, ASN) is an independent French administrative authority set up by law 2006-686 of 13 June 2006 concerning nuclear transparency and security. It has replaced the General Direction for Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection. Its task, on behalf of the State, is to regulate nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. It also contributes to informing the citizens. From 2006 to 2012, the president of the ASN was André-Claude Lacoste who was also a founding member and had been chairman of the International Nuclear Regulators' Association (INRA) and the Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association (WENRA). He was also the chairman of the Commission on Safety Standards (CSS) of the IAEA. Since November 2018, the president of the ASN is Bernard Doroszczuk. Early during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the ASN stated that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolas Hulot
Nicolas Jacques André Hulot (; born 30 April 1955) is a French journalist and environmental activist. He is the founder and honorary president of the Nicolas Hulot Foundation, an environmental group established in 1990. Hulot ran as a candidate in the primary for the Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) party in 2011, but lost to Eva Joly in the second round. He declined offers to be a government minister for Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande, but in May 2017, he agreed to serve under Emmanuel Macron and was appointed Minister of Ecological and Solidary Transition in the first government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe. In August 2018, he announced his resignation from the Second Philippe government, citing policy disagreements and leadership issues. Hulot is an officer in the Legion of Honour and a knight in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2021, he announced his retirement from public life in response to a documentary outlining a series of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Bernard Lévy
Jean-Bernard Lévy (born 18 March 1955) is a French businessman, and was the CEO and chairman of EDF. Early life Born on 18 March 1955, the son of a doctor, Lévy attended the Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur-Seine. His parents sent him to England for a year to learn English, at St Martin's preparatory school in Northwood, Middlesex. He then studied at the École Polytechnique, and from 1973 the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications. Career Early career Lévy started his career as an engineer at France Telecom in 1979, in Angers. In 1982, he joined the Directorate General of Telecommunications within the PTT France, responsible for the management of senior staff and budgets, then promoted to deputy chief of staff. Career in the public sector In 1986, Lévy moved to Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones under secretary of state Gérard Longuet, acting as technical advisor and consultant for international affairs and industry. After a period at Matra Spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
The Fukushima nuclear accident was a major nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan, which began on 11 March 2011. The cause of the accident was the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which resulted in electrical grid failure and damaged nearly all of the power plant's Emergency power system, backup energy sources. The subsequent inability to sufficiently cool reactors after shutdown compromised Primary containment, containment and resulted in the release of radioactive contamination, radioactive contaminants into the surrounding environment. The accident was rated seven (the maximum severity) on the International Nuclear Event Scale by Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, following a report by the JNES (Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization). It is regarded as the worst nuclear incident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, which was also rated a seven on the International Nuclear Event Scale. According to the United Nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EPR 1 EPR 2 Perso
EPR may refer to: Science and technology * EPR (nuclear reactor), European Pressurised-Water Reactor * EPR paradox (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox), in physics * Earth potential rise, in electrical engineering * East Pacific Rise, a mid-oceanic ridge * Electron paramagnetic resonance * Engine pressure ratio, of a jet engine * Ethylene propylene rubber * Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope (Evpatoria planetary radar) * Bernays–Schönfinkel class or effectively propositional, in mathematical logic * Endpoint references in Web addressing * Ethnic Power Relations, dataset of ethnic groups * ePrivacy Regulation (ePR), proposal for the regulation of various privacy-related topics, mostly in relation to electronic communications within the European Union Medicine * Enhanced permeability and retention effect, a controversial concept in cancer research * Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation, a medical procedure * Electronic patient record Environment * UNECE Environmental P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burnup
In nuclear power technology, burnup is a measure of how much energy is extracted from a given amount of nuclear fuel. It may be measured as the fraction of fuel atoms that underwent fission in %FIMA (fissions per initial heavy metal atom) or %FIFA (fissions per initial fissile atom) as well as the actual energy released per mass of initial fuel in gigawatt-days/ metric ton of heavy metal (GWd/tHM), or similar units. The amount of initial fuel in the denominator is defined as all uranium, plutonium, and thorium isotopes, not including alloying or other chemical compounds or mixtures in the fuel charge. Measures of burnup Expressed as a percentage: if 5% of the initial heavy metal atoms have undergone fission, the burnup is 5%FIMA. If these 5% were the total of 235U that were in the fuel at the beginning, the burnup is 100%FIFA (as 235U is fissile and the other 95% heavy metals like 238U are not). In reactor operations, this percentage is difficult to measure, so the alternative ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrical Efficiency
The efficiency of a system in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a vulgar fraction, fractional Expression (mathematics), expression), typically denoted by the Greek alphabet, Greek small letter eta (η – ήτα). : \mathrm=\frac If energy output and input are expressed in the same units, efficiency is a dimensionless number. Where it is not customary or convenient to represent input and output energy in the same units, efficiency-like quantities have units associated with them. For example, the heat rate (efficiency), heat rate of a fossil fuel power station, fossil fuel power plant may be expressed in British thermal unit, BTU per kilowatt-hour. Luminous efficacy of a light source expresses the amount of visible light for a certain amount of power transfer and has the units of lumen (unit), lumens per watt. Efficiency of typical electrical devices ''Efficiency'' should not be confused ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Core Damage Frequency
Core damage frequency (CDF) is a term used in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) that indicates the likelihood of an accident that would cause severe damage to a nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor core. Core damage accidents are considered extremely serious because severe damage to the fuel in the core prevents adequate heat removal or even safe shutdown, which can lead to a nuclear meltdown. Some sources on CDF consider core damage and core meltdown to be the same thing, and different methods of measurement are used between industries and nations, so the primary value of the CDF number is in managing the risk of core accidents within a system and not necessarily to provide large-scale statistics. An assessment of permanent or temporary changes in a nuclear power plant is performed to evaluate if such changes are within risk criteria. For example, the probability of core damage may increase while replacing a component, but the probability would be even ''higher'' if that component ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Containment Building
A containment building is a reinforced steel, concrete or lead structure enclosing a nuclear reactor. It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radioactive steam or gas to a maximum pressure in the range of . The containment is the fourth and final barrier to radioactive release (part of a nuclear reactor's defence in depth strategy), the first being the fuel ceramic itself, the second being the metal fuel cladding tubes, the third being the reactor vessel and coolant system. Each nuclear plant in the United States is designed to withstand certain conditions which are spelled out as "Design Basis Accidents" in the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). The FSAR is available for public viewing, usually at a public library near the nuclear plant. The containment building itself is typically an airtight steel structure enclosing the reactor, normally sealed off from the outside atmosphere. The steel is either free-standing or attached to the concrete missile shiel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decay Heat
Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay. This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials: the energy of the alpha particle, alpha, Beta particle, beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms. Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth's formation. In nuclear reactor engineering, decay heat continues to be generated after the reactor has been shut down (see SCRAM and nuclear chain reactions) and power generation has been suspended. The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes such as iodine-131 created in fission continues at high power for a time after shutdown (nuclear reactor), shut down. The major source of heat production in a newly shut down reactor is due to the beta decay of new radioactive elements recently produced from fission fragments in the fission process. Quantitatively, at the moment of reactor shutdown, decay heat from these radioact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
