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Deliberative Groups
Deliberative may refer to: *Deliberative agent *Deliberative assembly *Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers *Deliberative democracy *Deliberative mood *Deliberative opinion poll *Deliberative planning *Deliberative process privilege *Deliberative referendum *Deliberative rhetoric {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Agent
Deliberative agent (also known as intentional agent) is a sort of software agent used mainly in Multi-agent system, multi-agent system simulations. According to Wooldridge's definition, a deliberative agent is "one that possesses an explicitly represented, symbolic model of the world, and in which decisions (for example about what actions to perform) are made via symbolic reasoning". Compared to reactive planning, reactive agents, which are able to reach their goal only by reacting reflexively on external stimuli, a deliberative agent's internal processes are more complex. The difference lies in fact, that deliberative agent maintains a Physical symbol system, symbolic representation of the world it inhabits. In other words, it possesses internal image of the external environment and is thus capable to plan its actions. Most commonly used architecture for implementing such behavior is a belief–desire–intention software model, Belief–Desire–Intention (BDI) software model, whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Assembly
A deliberative assembly is a meeting of members who use parliamentary procedure. Etymology In a speech to the electorate at Bristol in 1774, Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January ew Style, NS1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish Politician, statesman, journalist, writer, literary critic, philosopher, and parliamentary orator who is regarded as the founder of the Social philosophy, soc ... described the British Parliament as a "deliberative assembly", and the expression became the basic term for a body of persons meeting to discuss and determine common action. Merriam-Webster's definition excludes legislatures. Characteristics '' Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised'' by Henry Martyn Robert describes the following characteristics of a deliberative assembly: * A group of people meets to discuss and make decisions on behalf of the entire membership. * They meet in a single room or area, or under equivalent conditions of simultaneous oral communication. * Each member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Council Of Princes And Ministers
The Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers (), also known as the Council of Princes and High Officials and Assembly of Princes and High Officials, or simply as the Deliberative Council (; ), was an advisory body for the emperors of the early Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Derived from informal deliberative groups created by Nurhaci (1559–1626) in the 1610s and early 1620s, the Council was formally established by his son and successor Hong Taiji (1592–1643) in 1626 and expanded in 1637. Staffed mainly by Manchu dignitaries, this aristocratic institution served as the chief source of advice on military matters for Hong Taiji and the Shunzhi (r. 1643–1661) and Kangxi (r. 1661–1722) emperors. It was particularly powerful during the regencies of Dorgon (1643–1650) and Oboi (1661–1669), who used it to enhance their personal influence. After serving as the most influential policymaking body of the dynasty for more than a century, the Deliberative Council was displace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Democracy
Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. Deliberative democracy seeks quality over quantity by limiting decision-makers to a smaller but more representative sample of the population that is given the time and resources to focus on one issue. It often adopts elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule. Deliberative democracy differs from traditional democratic theory in that authentic deliberation, not mere voting, is the primary source of legitimacy for the law. Deliberative democracy is related to consultative democracy, in which public consultation with citizens is central to democratic processes. The distance between deliberative democracy and concepts like representative democracy or direct democracy is debated. While some practitioners and theorists use deliberative democracy to describe elected bodies whose members propose and enact legislation, Hélène Landemore and othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Mood
Deliberative mood (abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood that asks whether the speaker should do something, e. g. "Shall I go to the market?" The Afar language has a deliberative mood, as in ''aboo'' "Shall I do (it)?", with the suffix In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can ca ... ''-oo'' denoting the deliberative. References Grammatical moods {{Ling-morph-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Opinion Poll
A deliberative opinion poll, sometimes called a deliberative poll, is a form of opinion poll taken before and after significant deliberation. Professor James S. Fishkin of Stanford University first described the concept in 1988. The typical deliberative opinion poll takes a random, representative sample of citizens and engages them in deliberation on current issues or proposed policy changes through small-group discussions and conversations with competing experts to create more informed and reflective public opinion. Deliberative polls have been run around the world, including recent experiments to conduct discussions virtually in the United States, Hong Kong, Chile, Canada and Japan. Process The Deliberative Democracy Lab at Stanford University described its process as: # A random, representative sample is first polled on the issue(s) # Members of the sample are invited to gather in order to discuss the issue(s) (online or in-person) # Carefully balanced briefing materials are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Planning
Deliberative planning refers to a planning process that focuses on making decisions through dialogue, making seasoned arguments and in depth deliberations to take the correct course of action. Deliberative Planning focuses on actions, and the effect that they have on the course of a project. This planning method is a form of participatory planning, an urban planning theory that focuses on involving the community in the planning and management process. Participatory planning works to include all points of view in the decision making process, and gather them all into one vision. Being deliberative involves being motivated by an intended outcome and choosing a vision that is based on sound evidence and reason. Deliberation can take many forms in understanding planning, whether it be more formal and technical, or more organic and exploratory. According to Diane Hopkins, deliberative planning has three main parts: "the motives behind involving citizens in decision-making (Philosoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Process Privilege
Deliberative process privilege is the common-law principle that the internal processes of the executive branch of a government are immune from normal disclosure or discovery in civil litigations, Freedom of Information Act requests, etc. The theory behind the protection is that by guaranteeing confidentiality, the government will receive better or more candid advice, recommendations and opinions, resulting in better decisions for society as a whole. The deliberative process privilege is often in dynamic tension with the principle of maximal transparency in government. US In the context of the US presidential offices and their work products, this principle is a form of executive privilege, or as a type of executive privilege that is distinct from "presidential communications privilege". The US FOIA has a specific exemption (Exemption 5) for deliberative process documents. The scope of Exemption 5 was clarified by SCOTUS in United States v. Sierra Club, Inc (2021). See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deliberative Referendum
A deliberative referendum is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design.Levy, Ron (2013) "Deliberative Voting: Realising Constitutional Referendum Democracy" Public Law:557 The term "deliberative referendum" stems from deliberative democracy,:509 which emphasises that "the legitimacy of decisions can be increased if...decisions are preceded by authentic deliberation.":903 Deliberative design features can promote public deliberation prior to and during the referendum vote to increase its actual and perceived legitimacy. Leib, Ethan J (2006) "Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative?" 54 Buffalo Law Review:910 Deliberative referendums encourage open-minded and informed reasoning, rather than rigid "pre-formed opinions".:508-512 " ter deliberations, citizens routinely alter their preferences".:910 In practice, a deliberative referendum includes a variety of institutional design features. These include using a citizens' jury to set referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
