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Currency Reform Of 1935 (Republic Of China)
The 1935 currency reform was a monetary policy announced by the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China on November 4, 1935. This reform marked the abandonment of the silver standard and the adoption of a gold standard, introducing the Chinese National Currency (CNC, or Fabi) as the unified national currency. The reform aimed to stabilise the economy by standardising the currency system under central government control. Background Silver craze Due to the Great Depression in 1929, global agricultural prices plummeted, worsening the disparity between the prices of industrial and agricultural products in rural China. This imbalance led to a flow of silver from rural areas to smaller cities and eventually into larger urban centers, which then faced an excess of capital. As countries like Britain and Japan abandoned the gold standard and enacted competitive devaluations to establish trade barriers, global silver prices began to rise. This increase triggered significant sil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalist Government
The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party. Following the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution, Xinhai Revolution, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected to be China's List of Presidents of the Republic of China, provisional president and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), Provisional Government of the Republic of China. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman Yuan Shikai, who established the Beiyang government. After Empire of China (1915-1916), a failed attempt to install himself as Emperor of China, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several Warlord Era, warlord fiefs and rival governments. They were nominally Chinese reunification (1928), reunified in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manchukuo
Manchukuo, officially known as the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Great Manchuria thereafter, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. It was ostensibly founded as a republic, its territory consisting of the lands seized in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria; it was later declared to be a constitutional monarchy in 1934, though very little changed in the actual functioning of government. Manchukuo received limited diplomatic recognition, mostly from states aligned with the Axis powers, with its existence widely seen as illegitimate. The region now known as Manchuria had historically been the homeland of the Manchu people, though by the 20th century they had long since become a minority in the region, with Han Chinese constituting by far the largest ethnic group. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty, which had governed China since 17th century, was overthrown with the permanent abolition of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1935 In China
Events in the year 1935 in China. Incumbents *President of the Republic of China, President: Lin Sen *Premier of the Republic of China, Premier: Wang Jingwei until December 1, Chiang Kai-shek *List of vice premiers of the Republic of China, Vice Premier: Kung Hsiang-hsi *Foreign Minister: Zhang Qun Events *January - Zunyi Conference *January–February 5 - First encirclement campaign against the Hubei–Henan–Shaanxi Soviet, First Encirclement Campaign against Hubei–Henan–Shaanxi Soviet *February–April 18 - Second encirclement campaign against the Hubei–Henan–Shaanxi Soviet, Second Encirclement Campaign against Hubei–Henan–Shaanxi Soviet *April–July - Second encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet, Second Encirclement Campaign against the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet *May 29 - Battle of Luding Bridge *June 10 - He–Umezu Agreement *June 27 - Chin–Doihara Agreement *August 20-October 25 - Third encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shanghai People's Press
The Shanghai People's Press ( zh, 上海人民出版社) is a printing and publishing house based in Shanghai. It was established in 1972, replacing the Shanghai Publishing Bureau which was reinstated on January 1, 1978. History The Shanghai People's Press is the predecessor of the East China People's Publishing House, established in March 1951 by the Editorial and Publication Departments of the Xinhua Bookstore East China General Branch and the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party The Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, also known as the Propaganda Department or Central Propaganda Department, is an internal division of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ... of the East China Bureau, originally located at No. 1 Xinxiang Road. In July 1951, the East China People's Publishing House relocated to No. 54 Shaoxing Road. The East China Newspaper Society merged with the East China People's Publishi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fudan University Press
Fudan University Press ( zh, 复旦大学出版社), a publishing entity of the People's Republic of China, is affiliated with Fudan University and is situated at No. 579 Guoquan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai. History Fudan University Press was formed in May 1981 with the authorization of the General Administration of Press and Publication and the endorsement of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council, responsible for basic education, vocational education, higher education, and other educational affairs throughout the country. Th .... Fudan University Press primarily publishes instructional materials pertinent to the subjects, majors, and courses offered at Fudan University, in addition to reference books for higher education, pedagogical tools, and educational resources for colleges and universities associated with higher education instruct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jiangsu People's Press
Jiangsu People's Press ( zh, 江苏人民出版社), founded in 1953 in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province Jiangsu is a coastal province in East China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous, with a population of 84. ..., is a state-owned publishing house under the Jiangsu Provincial People's Government. History Initially focused on political and ideological literature, it expanded into educational, cultural, and academic works post-1978 reforms. During the 1990s, it gained prominence for regional histories, classical Chinese literature compilations, and textbooks. Notable series include Library of Chinese Classics and collaborations with international academic institutions. Recognized as a "National Outstanding Publisher" in 2009, Jiangsu People's Press transitioned to a corporate structure in 2010, integrating digital publishing. References E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China Social Sciences Press
China Social Sciences Press (CSSP, traditional Chinese: 中國社會科學出版社; simplified Chinese: 中国社会科学出版社), also known as Social Sciences in China Press, is a Chinese state-level publishing house sponsored and managed by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which publishes academic works in the humanities and social sciences. History China Social Sciences Publishing House was proposed by Hu Qiaomu and officially established on 14 June 1978 after the instructions of Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, Hua Guofeng and others of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. In October 2020, the United States Department of State designated China Social Sciences Press as a foreign mission of China. See also * Academic publishing in China *China Science Publishing & Media *Science and technology in the People's Republic of China Science and technology in the People's Republic of China have developed rapidly since the 1980s to the 2020s, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Morgenthau Jr
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (; May 11, 1891February 6, 1967) was the United States Secretary of the Treasury during most of the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He played the major role in designing and financing the New Deal. After 1937, while still in charge of the Treasury, he played the central role in financing the United States participation in World War II. He also played an increasingly major role in shaping foreign policy, especially with respect to Lend-Lease, support for China, helping Jewish refugees, and proposing (in the "Morgenthau Plan") measures to deindustrialize Germany. Morgenthau was the father of Robert M. Morgenthau, who was district attorney of Manhattan for 35 years; Henry Morgenthau III, an American author and television producer; and noted pediatrician Dr. Joan Morganthau Hirschhorn. He continued as Treasury secretary through the first few months of Harry Truman's presidency, and from June 27, 1945, to July 3, 1945, following the resignation of Secre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick Leith-Ross
Sir Frederick William Leith-Ross, Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG, Order of the Bath, KCB (4 February 1887 – 22 August 1968) was a Scottish economist who was chief adviser to the UK government from 1932 to 1945. Biography Leith-Ross was born in Saint Pierre, Mauritius, the son of Frederick William Arbuthnot Leith-Ross, a banker, and his Dutch wife, Sina van Houten, the daughter of politician Samuel van Houten. He grew up with his grandfather John Leith Ross, 5th Laird of Arnage Castle at the family estate in Ellon, Scotland. He was the brother of the artist Harry Leith-Ross (1886–1973). After graduating with a double first from Balliol College, Oxford, he joined the HM Treasury, Treasury in 1909. Leith-Ross was appointed as a Private Secretary to H. H. Asquith, the prime minister, in 1911. Between 1932 and 1945 he was chief economic advisor to the UK government: he is known for advancing the economic theory of "Treasury View", popular in the 1930s. Leith-Ross was ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of China (1912–1949)
The Republic of China (ROC) began on 1 January 1912 as a sovereign state in mainland China following the 1911 Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu people, Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial China, imperial history. From 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT) Northern expedition, reunified the country and initially ruled it as a one-party state with Nanjing as the national capital. In 1949, Nationalist government, the KMT-led government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War and lost control of the mainland to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, established the People's Republic of China (PRC) while the ROC was forced to Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, retreat to Taiwan; the ROC retains control over the Taiwan Area, and political status of Taiwan, its political status remains disputed. The ROC is recorded as a founding member of both the League of Nations and the United Nations, and previous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Executive Order 6814
On August 9, 1934, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the seizure of all silver situated in the continental United States with Executive Order 6814 - Requiring the Delivery of All Silver to the United States for Coinage. Executive Order 6814 closely mirrors Executive Order 6102, which FDR signed on April 5, 1933, "forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates within the continental United States" with some differences. A key difference was that EO 6814 excluded the seizure of all silver coins, whether foreign or domestic, while EO 6102 only exempted from seizure certain types of collectible or numismatic coins. See also * Executive Order 6102 - Requiring Gold Coin, Gold Bullion and Gold Certificates to Be Delivered to the Government * Executive Order 6260 - On Hoarding and Exporting Gold * Gold Standard Repeal 1933 * Silver Purchase Act of 1934 * Gold Reserve Act of 1934 * Silver Coinage Act of 1939 * Silver Purchase Act of 1946 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and business failures around the world. The economic contagion began in 1929 in the United States, the largest economy in the world, with the devastating Wall Street stock market crash of October 1929 often considered the beginning of the Depression. Among the countries with the most unemployed were the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Weimar Republic, Germany. The Depression was preceded by a period of industrial growth and social development known as the "Roaring Twenties". Much of the profit generated by the boom was invested in speculation, such as on the stock market, contributing to growing Wealth inequality in the United States, wealth inequality. Banks were subject to laissez-faire, minimal regulation, resulting in loose lending and wides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
