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Cross Of Independence (Polish)
Cross of Independence () was the second highest Polish military decoration between World Wars I and II. It was awarded to individuals who had fought actively for the independence of Poland, and was released in three classes. History The Cross of Independence was established with a decree of the President of Poland of 29 October 1930. It was to be awarded to the people who ''laid foundations for the independence of the Fatherland before the World War or during it, as well as during the fights between 1818 and 1921, with the exception of the Polish-Russian War''. After 1938 it was also awarded to people responsible for Trans-Olza's annexation by Poland. Although the cross without the swords was awarded mainly to the civilians, all versions were considered to be military decorations. If awarded to a soldier it was worn before the 4th class of the Polonia Restituta and when awarded to a civilian – before the Volunteer Cross for War (''Medal Ochotniczy za Wojnę''). The reci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Poland
The president of Poland ( ), officially the president of the Republic of Poland (), is the head of state of Poland. His or her prerogatives and duties are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president jointly exercises the executive power together with the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. The president has a right to dissolve both chambers of parliament in certain cases determined by the constitution, can veto legislation, represents the Republic on the international stage, and is the commander-in-chief of the nation's Armed Forces. History The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was Polish presidential inauguration, sworn in as president of the Second Polish Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate of Poland, Senate) under the terms of the 1921 March Constitution (Poland), March Constitution. Narutowicz Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz, was assassinated on 16 December 1922. Previou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish State Railways
The Polish State Railways ( , abbr.: PKP S.A.) is a Polish state-owned holding company (legally a sole-shareholder company of the State Treasury) comprising the rail transport holdings of the country's formerly dominant namesake railway operator. The company was reformed in 2001 when the former Polish State Railways state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separation between infrastructure management and transport operations. Polish State Railways is the dominant company in the PKP Group collective that resulted from the split, and maintains 100% share control, being fully responsible for the assets of all of the other PKP Group component companies. PKP today PKP is currently the parent company of the PKP Group, passenger operators PKP Intercity and PKP Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście. Freight carriers PKP Cargo and PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa are also parts of the group. PKP is also one of the largest real estate managers in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Abramowski
Józef Edward Abramowski (17 August 1868 – 21 June 1918) was a Polish philosopher, libertarian socialist, anarchist, psychologist, ethician, and supporter of cooperatives. Abramowski is also one of the best known activists of classical anarchism in Poland. Biography Abramowski was born on 17 August 1868 in Stefanin, in the Vasilkovsky Uyezd of Kiev Governorate (present-day Ukraine) to Jadwiga and Edward. After his mother died (in 1878), he moved to Warsaw in 1879, where his teacher, Maria Konopnicka, introduced him to the members of the First Proletariat. In 1892 he took part in the Paris gathering of Polish socialists, where Polish Socialist Party was founded. Abramowski is considered the founder of the Polish co-operative movement, promoting economic associations and initiatives. As a supporter of the cooperative movement, he founded a cooperative magazine "Społem" (''Together'') in 1906. In 1915 he was given a chair in Experimental Psychology at the University of Wars ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franciszka Arnsztajnowa
Franciszka Hanna Arnsztajnowa (; ; 19 February 1865 – August 1942) was a Polish poet, playwright, and translator of Jewish descent.So ''Słownik biograficzny miasta Lublina'' (see Bibliography). Much of her creative ''oeuvre'' falls within the Young Poland period, stylistically encompassing the twilight of neo-romanticism. She is called "the legend of Lublin".Aleksander B. Skotnicki, ''et al.'', ''Jewish Society in Poland: Customs and Participation in the Fight for Independence: Many Faces of Cracovian Jewry'', tr. J. Niedbal & K. Baran, Kraków, Wydawnictwo, 2009, p. 109. , . Family Franciszka Arnsztajnowa was the daughter of the Lublin-based novelist Malwina Meyerson (real name, Małka Meyerson, ; 18391921), a Lublin native, and Bernard (Berek, or Ber) Meyerson (b. 1837), a native of Tykocin, an international trader and a major Lublin financier. Her brother was the French philosopher, Émile Meyerson, based in Paris. She attended high school for girls i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Arnoldt-Russocki
Julian Edwin Arnoldt-Russocki was a Polish lieutenant colonel of the Polish Armed Forces who commanded the 16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment during the early battles of the Invasion of Poland and was the main commander at the Battle of Bukowiec before being captured two days later. Biography He was born in 1893 in the village of Penkiny (modern , Lithuania). He was the son of Bronisław, the older brother of Wiktor (1895–1956), also a lieutenant colonel in the cavalry of the Polish Army. He became an officer in the Imperial Russian Army. During, World War I, he served in the 5th Zaslaw Uhlan Regiment. After Poland regained independence, he was admitted to the Polish Armed Forces. From December 1918, he was a soldier of the 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment, and after the transformation of the 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, he took part in the Polish-Soviet War as a cavalry lieutenant in the ranks of the 10th regiment as a reserve squadron commander. On June 1, 1921, he was st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Anders
Władysław Albert Anders (11 August 1892 – 12 May 1970) was a Polish military officer and politician, and prominent member of the Polish government-in-exile in London. Born in Krośniewice-Błonie, then part of the Russian Empire, he served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and later joined the Polish Land Forces after Second Polish Republic, Poland regained its independence in 1918. During World War II, Anders was captured by Soviet forces and imprisoned, but he was later released to form Anders' Army, a Polish Army to fight against the Germans alongside the Red Army. He led the Polish II Corps throughout the Italian Campaign, including the Battle of Monte Cassino, capture of Monte Cassino. After the war, Anders was deprived of his citizenship and military rank by the Soviet-installed Polish People's Republic, communist government of Poland. He remained in Britain, working for the Polish Government in Exile and various charities. In 1989, after the collaps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tadeusz Anders
Tadeusz Konstanty Anders served as a captain artillery officer in the Polish Army during the Interbellum Period, and as a podpułkownik (lt. col) in the Polish Armed Forces during World War II. He was awarded the Virtuti Militari V Class, Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. Biography Early life Tadeusz Anders was born on June 7, 1902, in the village Błonie, Kingdom of Poland, located approximately one kilometer north of Krośniewice. Tadeusz was the third and youngest son of Albert Anders, a German Balt and Elżbieta Anders ''née'' Tauchert, and the brother of Władysław and Karol. The Anders family was of German descent and Evangelical faith; Albert Anders' ancestors had settled in Poland in the first half of the 18th Century. Military career By the age of 16, Tadeusz Anders joined the Polish Military Organisation and served in the vicinity of Mińsk Litewski in 1918. From September 1919, he was stationed in Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franciszek Alter
Franciszek Alter (22 November 1889 in Lviv – 23 January 1945 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen) was a Polish general. Career Franciszek Alter began his career as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, reaching the rank of captain. He fought in the Polish Army during the Polish-Soviet War. He was promoted to general in March 1939. During the German invasion of Poland, he commanded the 25th Infantry Division (part of the Army Poznań). His division took part in the battle of Bzura and the defense of Warsaw, where it capitulated on 28 September. Death Alter refused to sign the Volksliste, and was imprisoned in the Oflag VII-A Murnau. In the Oflag, he fell ill, and died in early 1945, on 23 January. Awards Alter was awarded with the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, the Knight's Cross of the Polonia Restituta, the Cross of Valour (four times) and the Cross of Independence Cross of Independence () was the second highest Polish military decoration between World Wars I a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Witold Abramowicz (politician)
Witold Abramowicz (28 August 1874 – 1940/1941) was a politician and jurist. In 1919, he served as the mayor of Vilnius, Lithuania, and from 12 October 1920 to 16 January 1921, he was the chairperson of the Provisional Governing Commission, an executive government of the Republic of Central Lithuania. In 1922, he was the leader of the Democratic Party, which he represented in the Sejm of Central Lithuania from 1 February to 1 March 1922. From 11 March 1928 to 10 July 1935, he represented the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government for Vilnius electoral district, in the Senate of Poland. Biography Witold Abramowicz was born on 28 August 1874 in Kaluga, Russia. He was son of Jan Abramowicz and Maria Abramowicz (née ''Mroczkowska''). He had graduated philology gymnasium (middle school) in Moscow, and then studied mathematics at the universities in Saint Petersburg and Moscow, and law in Warsaw and Kharkiv, and finished his education in 1898. Following graduating fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józefa Bramowska
Józefa Zofia Bramowska (née Batschów; March 10, 1860, in Żyglin – October 4, 1942, in Żyglin) was a promoter of Polishness in Silesia, and senator of the Republic of Poland in 1929–1930 and in 1935. Early life and career Jozéfa was born on March 10, 1860, into the family of Tomasz Batsch, a farmer, and Barbara née Przybyłków. She completed four classes at a primary school in Żyglin. After her father's death at the age of eighteen, she started working in the ore mine in Pasieki (now Bibiela). In 1891, she married Piotr Bramowski. She ran a farm in the village of Żyglin in Tarnowskie Góry county (now Miasteczko Śląskie). In 1909, she founded the Society of Polish Women in Żyglin. She promoted Polish newspapers and Polish readership and gave patriotic speeches, for which she was imprisoned several times by the German authorities. She participated in the plebiscite in Upper Silesia and in the Third Silesian Uprising, nding her apartment as a weapons warehouse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rzeczpospolita Polska
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the List of European countries by area, fifth largest EU country by area, covering . The capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland, Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partitions Of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partition (politics), partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place between 1772 and 1795, toward the end of the 18th century. They ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations. The First Partition of Poland, First Partition was decided on August 5, 1772, after the Bar Confederation lost the war with Russia. The Second Partition of Poland, Second Partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the Grodno Sejm on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The Third Partition of Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
