Croix De Feu
The Croix-de-Feu (, ''Cross of Fire'') was a nationalist French league of the interwar period, led by Colonel François de la Rocque (1885–1946). After it was dissolved, as were all other leagues during the Popular Front period (1936–38), La Rocque established the '' Parti social français'' (PSF) to replace it. Beginnings (1927–1930) The ''Croix-de-Feu'' (CF) were primarily a group of veterans of the First World War, those who had been awarded the '' Croix de guerre 1914-1918''. The group was founded on 26 November 1927 by Maurice d'Hartoy, who led it until 1929. The honorary presidency was awarded to writer Jacques Péricard. Also in 1929, the movement acquired its newspaper, '' Le Flambeau''. At its creation, the movement was subsidized by the wealthy perfumer François Coty and was hosted in the building of ''Le Figaro''. It benefited from the Catholic Church's 1926 proscription of the ''Action Française'', which prohibited Catholics from supporting the latter. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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François De La Rocque
François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * François Amoudruz (1926–2020), French resistance fighter * François-Marie Arouet (better known as Voltaire; 1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher * François Beauchemin (born 1980), Canadian ice hockey player for the Anaheim Ducks * François Blanc (1806–1877), French entrepreneur and operator of casinos * François Bonlieu (1937–1973), French alpine skier * François Cevert (1944–1973), French racing driver * François Chau (born 1959), Cambodian American actor * François Clemmons (born 1945), American singer and actor * François Corbier (1944–2018), French television presenter and songwriter * François Coty (1874–1934), French perfumer * François Coulomb the Elder (1654–1717), French naval architect * François Coulomb the Younger (1691–1751), French naval architect * François Couperin (1668� ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Croix De Guerre 1914-1918 (France)
Croix (French for "cross") may refer to: Belgium * Croix-lez-Rouveroy, a village in municipality of Estinnes in the province of Hainaut France * Croix, Nord, in the Nord department * Croix, Territoire de Belfort, in the Territoire de Belfort department * Croix-Caluyau, in the Nord department * Croix-Chapeau, in the Charente-Maritime department * Croix-en-Ternois, in the Pas-de-Calais department * Croix-Fonsomme, in the Aisne department * Croix-Mare, in the Seine-Maritime department * Croix-Moligneaux, in the Somme department * Canton of Croix, administrative division of the Nord department, northern France People * Croix Bethune Croix Collette Bethune ( ; born March 14, 2001) is an American professional association football, soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States wom ... (born 2001), American soccer player See also * Croix Scaille, a hill plateau in the Ard ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Algérianité
''Algérianité'' was the conception of a unique "Algerianess" under French colonial rule in Algeria that encompassed an independence from the French identity, and the political ideal of an Algerian homeland. ''Algérianité'' conceives of Algerian identity as a unique blend of disparate influences contributed by settlers of differing cultural backgrounds. The blending of such diverse influences creates the new culture that is uniquely Algerian and this is called "''Algérianité''". Literary works This has been the topic of several literary works exploring the relationship of diasporas to Algeria and their shared connection to collective cultural forms. Algerian author Assia Djebar explored similar themes in her first fiction novel ''La Soif'' (1957). Her work centers on the Algerian cause to reclaim a national identity as independent from the contested and coexisting complex identities, some of which predate French rule in Algeria. ''La Soif'' was published during the Algerian ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Unions Latines
Unions latines (UL) was an early 20th century fascist Algerian political party. Background Deeply anti-Semitic and xenophobic, the political focus of the extreme right Pied-Noir settlers in Algeria was guided by the unrelenting torrent of violence between them and local Muslim population. In 1871, the Kabyle Revolt had resulted in the slaughter of 2,686 settlers by Berber rebels. This led to repressive measures including reparations, summary executions and laws that stripped tribes of their property rights. By 1920 the legal reforms of 1883 and 1887 had given 2.6 million hectares of Algerian land to Europeans. Impoverished by these reforms, Algerians were forced to work as virtual slave labor on lands now owned by Europeans. They grew more violent under the brutal colonial laws known as the '' Code de l'Indigénat'' under which the legal rights of "citizens" were formally distinguished from "subjects". The Algerian "subjects" were not afforded any right to jury trials. They wer ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Pierre Péan
Pierre Péan (; 5 March 1938 – 25 July 2019) was a French investigative journalist and author of many books concerned with political scandals. Books, investigations and controversies In 1983 Pierre Péan was the first to break the story of the Great Oil Sniffer Hoax in '' Le Canard enchaîné''. In his 1990 book ''L'Homme de l'ombre'' ("Man of the Shadows"), Péan went into great detail about Jacques Foccart, who was Charles de Gaulle's adviser on African matters, describing him as a man of mystery and yet the most powerful person in the Fifth Republic. As a result of Péan's revelations, Foccart unsuccessfully sued for libel. In 1994, he published ''Une jeunesse française: François Mitterrand'' (''A French Youth: François Mitterrand''). The book is a biography covering the life of François Mitterrand from 1934 to 1947. It became a best-seller, and started a controversy over the ambiguous behaviour of Mitterrand with respect to both Marshal Philippe Pétain and the Fren ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician and statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France. As a former First Secretary of the Socialist Party, Socialist Party First Secretary, he was the first Left-wing politics, left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the French Fifth Republic, Fifth Republic. Due to family influences, Mitterrand started his political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy France, Vichy regime during its earlier years. Subsequently, he joined the French Resistance, Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office several times under the French Fourth Republic, Fourth Republic. Mitterrand opposed Charles de Gaulle's establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, he outmanoeuvred rivals to become the left's standard bearer in the 1965 French pr ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Jean Mermoz
Jean Mermoz (9 December 1901 – 7 December 1936) was a French people, French aviator, viewed as a hero by other pilots such as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, and in his native France, where many schools bear his name. In Brazil, he also is recognized as a pioneer aviator. Career In 1920 he met Max Delby, a teacher who helped him develop his career, and in April 1921 he flew as a pilot for the first time. French Air Force Mermoz joined the French Air Force in 1922, being assigned, as a pilot of the air force's 11th regiment, to duty in Syria. In 1924, he returned to France, having arguably been one of the most successful pilots in the Syrian operations. Mermoz relocated to Toulouse. Latécoère Mermoz went on to become an airmail pilot, with Groupe Latécoère, and almost failed his entry exam by performing dangerous stunts to impress the director. (The director, Didier Daurat had this famous quote: "We don't need acrobats here, we need bus drivers.") He then did a normal, flawless ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, depending on the particular nation, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the nuclear family, organized religion, the military, the nation-state, property rights, rule of law, aristocracy, and monarchy. Conservatives tend to favor institutions and practices that enhance social order and historical continuity. The 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke, who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the forefathers of conservative thought in the 1790s along with Savoyard statesman Joseph de Maistre. The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François- ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Action Française
''Action Française'' (, AF; ) is a French far-right monarchist and nationalist political movement. The name was also given to a journal associated with the movement, '' L'Action Française'', sold by its own youth organization, the Camelots du Roi. The movement and the journal were founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois in 1899, as a nationalist reaction against the intervention of left-wing intellectuals on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus. The royalist militant Charles Maurras quickly joined ''Action Française'' and became its principal ideologist. Under the influence of Maurras, ''Action Française'' became royalist, counter-revolutionary (objecting to the legacy of the French Revolution), anti-parliamentary, and pro-decentralization, espousing corporatism, integralism, and Roman Catholicism. Shortly after it was created, ''Action Française'' tried to influence the public opinion by turning its journal into a daily newspaper and by setting up other organizations. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.Gerald O'Collins, O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Churches, ''sui iuris'' (autonomous) churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and Eparchy, eparchies List of Catholic dioceses (structured view), around the world, each overseen by one or more Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishops. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the Papal supremacy, chief pastor of the church. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Le Figaro
() is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It was named after Figaro, a character in several plays by polymath Pierre Beaumarchais, Beaumarchais (1732–1799): ''Le Barbier de Séville'', ''The Guilty Mother, La Mère coupable'', and the eponym, eponymous ''The Marriage of Figaro (play), Le Mariage de Figaro''. One of his lines became the paper's motto: "Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise". The oldest national newspaper in France, is considered a French newspaper of record, along with and ''Libération''. Since 2004, the newspaper has been owned by Dassault Group. Its editorial director has been Alexis Brézet since 2012. ''Le Figaro'' is the second-largest national newspaper in France, after ''Le Monde''. It has a Centre-right politics, centre-right editorial stance and is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. Other Groupe Figaro publications include ''Le Figaro Magazine'', ''TV Magazine'' and ''Eve ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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François Coty
François Coty (; born Joseph Marie François Spoturno ; 3 May 1874 – 25 July 1934) was a French perfumer, businessman, newspaper publisher, politician and patron of the arts. He was the founder of the Coty, Coty perfume company, today a multinational. He is considered the founding father of the modern perfume industry. In 1904, his first success, fragrance ''La Rose Jacqueminot'' launched his career. He soon started exporting perfumes from France, and by 1910 he had subsidiaries in Moscow, London and New York. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, his assets in Moscow, which consisted of stocks and funds were confiscated by the Soviet government, making him a lifelong enemy of Communism. By the end of World War I, his financial success made him one of the richest men in France, allowing him to act as patron of the arts, collect works of art, historic homes and seek to play a political role. In 1922, he gained control of daily newspaper ''Le Figaro''. To check the growth of Fr ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |