|
Council Of Hromkla
The Council of Hromkla (or Hromgla) () was a council of the Armenian Apostolic Church held in Hromkla in April 1178 or at Easter 1179, with the purpose of finalizing the union with the Eastern Orthodox Church. The council was convened by the Armenian Catholicos Nerses IV the Gracious, but since he had passed away, it was presided over by his nephew and successor, Gregory IV the Young. Its aim was to have the Armenian Apostolic Church adopt the outcome of the discussions between Nerses IV the Gracious and the Eastern Orthodox Church, including the recognition of dyophysitism, the belief that Jesus Christ would have two natures. Despite the opposition from certain monks and an Armenian bishop, the council adopted the propositions of Gregory IV the Young and Nerses IV the Gracious, and signed the union with the Eastern Orthodox Church. However, despite these developments, the Eastern Orthodox Church turned away from the matter and did not follow through with the council, considering ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church () is the Autocephaly, autocephalous national church of Armenia. Part of Oriental Orthodoxy, it is one of the most ancient Christianity, Christian churches. The Armenian Apostolic Church, like the Armenian Catholic Church, belongs to the Armenian Rite. The Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia was the first state in history to adopt Christianity as its official religion (under the Armenian Apostolic traditions) during the rule of Tiridates III of Armenia, King Tiridates III, of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, Arsacid dynasty in the early 4th century. According to tradition, the church originated in the missions of Apostles Bartholomew the Apostle, Bartholomew and Jude the Apostle, Thaddeus (Jude) in the 1st century. St. Gregory the Illuminator was the first official primate (bishop), primate of the church. It is sometimes referred to as the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Church or Armenian Gregorian Church. The Armenian Ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aram I
Aram I (; born Bedros Keshishian [] on 8 March 1946) has been the head of the Holy See of Cilicia, Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia since 1995 and he resides in Antelias, Lebanon. Bibliography Aram I has written the following books: * ''Nerses the Gracious: Theologian and Ecumenist'', 1974, Beirut (in Armenian) * ''The Witness of the Armenian Church in a Diaspora Situation'', 1977, New York (in English), two editions * ''The True Image of the Armenian Church'', 1979, Antelias (in Armenian) * ''With the Will of Re-Building'', 1984, Beirut (in Armenian) * ''With the People'', 1989, Beirut (in Armenian) * ''Conciliar Fellowship: a Common Goal'', 1989, Geneva (in English), two editions * ''Orthodox Perspectives on Mission'', 1992, Oxford (in English), two editions * ''Towards the 1700th Anniversary of the Christianization of Armenia'', 1994, Antelias (in Armenian) * ''The Challenge to be a Church in a Changing World'', 1997, New York (in English), two editions * ''Jesus Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenians
Armenians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.Robert Hewsen, Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century''. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17 Armenians constitute the main demographic group in Armenia and constituted the main population of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh until their Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians, subsequent flight due to the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, 2023 Azerbaijani offensive. There is a large Armenian diaspora, diaspora of around five million people of Armenian ancestry living outside the Republic of Armenia. The largest Armenian populations exist in Armenians in Russia, Russia, the Armenian Americans, United States, Armenians in France, France, Armenians in Georgia, Georgia, Iranian Armenians, Iran, Armenians in Germany, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iconodulism
Iconodulism (also iconoduly or iconodulia) designates the religious service to icons (kissing and honourable veneration, incense, and candlelight). The term comes from Neoclassical Greek εἰκονόδουλος (''eikonodoulos'') (from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''servant''), meaning "one who serves images (icons)". It is also referred to as iconophilism (also iconophily or iconophilia from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''love'') designating a positive attitude towards the religious use of icons. In the history of Christianity, iconodulism (or iconophilism) was manifested as a moderate position, between two extremes: iconoclasm (radical opposition to the use of icons) and iconolatry (idolatric veritable (full) adoration of icons). History In contrast to moderate or respectful adoration, various forms of latria of icons (''iconolatry'') were also starting to appear, mainly in popular worship. Since veritable (full) adoration was reserved for God alone, such an attitude tow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyothelitism
Dyothelitism or dithelitism (from Greek δυοθελητισμός "doctrine of two wills") is the Christological doctrine that teaches the existence of two wills (divine and human) in the person of Jesus Christ. Specifically, dyothelitism correlates the distinctiveness of two wills with the existence of two specific natures (divine and human) in the person of Jesus Christ, in a dyophysite context. History Dyothelitism as a position stands in opposition to the view of monothelitism, the doctrine of Jesus having one will, in Christological thought. Dyothelitism was championed by Maximus the Confessor. The conflict arose between varying views of the constitution of a 'person' and 'will': monothelites believe that a single person can only possess a single will without arising in conflict, whereas dyothelites emphasize the perfect humanity in Christ's nature. The debate concerning the monothelite and dithelite churches came to a conclusion at the Third Council of Constantinople ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miaphysitism
Miaphysitism () is the Christological doctrine that holds Jesus, the Incarnate Word, is fully divine and fully human, in one nature ('' physis'', ). It is a position held by the Oriental Orthodox Churches. It differs from the Dyophysitism of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Church of the East and the major Protestant denominations, which holds that Jesus is one "person" of two "natures", a divine nature and a human nature, as defined by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. While historically a major point of controversy within Christianity, some modern declarations by both Chalcedonian and miaphysite () churches claim that the difference between the two Christological formulations does not reflect any significant difference in belief about the nature of Christ. Other statements from both Chalcedonian and miaphysite churches claim that such difference is indeed theological although "widened by non-theological factors" Terminology The word ''miaphysite'' der ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophysite
Monophysitism ( ) or monophysism ( ; from Greek , "solitary" and , "nature") is a Christological doctrine that states that there was only one nature—the divine—in the person of Jesus Christ, who was the incarnated Word. It is rejected as heretical by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Reformed Christianity (Calvinist), and all mainstream Protestant denominations, which hold to the dyophysitism of the 451 Council of Chalcedon—as well by Oriental Orthodoxy, which holds to miaphysitism. Background The First Council of Nicaea (325) declared that Christ was both divine ( homoousios, consubstantial, of one being or essence, with the Father) and human (was incarnate and became man). In the fifth century a heated controversy arose between the sees and theological schools of Antioch and Alexandria about how divinity and humanity existed in Christ, with the former stressing the humanity, the latter the divinity of Christ. Cyril of A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires between its consecration in 330 until 1930, when it was renamed to Istanbul. Initially as New Rome, Constantinople was founded in 324 during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium, and shortly thereafter in 330 became the capital of the Roman Empire. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Although the city had been known as Istanbul since 1453, it was officially renamed as Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mopsuestia
Mopsuestia ( and Μόψου ''Mopsou'' and Μόψου πόλις and Μόψος; Byzantine Greek: ''Mamista'', ''Manistra'', ''Mampsista''; Arabic: ''al-Maṣṣīṣah''; Armenian: ''Msis'', ''Mises'', ''Mam(u)estia''; modern Yakapınar) is an ancient city in Cilicia Campestris on the Pyramus River (now the Ceyhan River) located approximately east of ancient Antiochia in Cilicia (present-day Adana, southern Turkey). From the city's harbor, the river is navigable to the Mediterranean Sea, a distance of over 40 km (24 mi). The 1879 book ''A Latin Dictionary'', the 1898 book '' Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'', the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the 1920 ''La Cilicie'' mention that the city at that time was called Missis or Messis, but in 1960 the name changed to Yakapınar. History The founding of this city is attributed to the seer Mopsus, from whom the city also took its name, who lived before the Trojan War, although it is scarcely mentioned before the Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexios Komnenos (protosebastos)
Alexios Komnenos (; – after 1182) was a Byzantine aristocrat and courtier. A son of Andronikos Komnenos and nephew of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, he rose to the high rank of '' prōtostratōr'' in 1167. In 1176 he participated in the Myriokephalon campaign where, following the death of his older brother John, he was raised to the titles of '' prōtosebastos'' and '' prōtovestiarios''. Following Manuel's death in 1180, he won the favour, and reportedly became the lover, of Empress-dowager Maria of Antioch. Through her he ruled the Byzantine Empire for two years as ''de facto'' regent of the underage emperor Alexios II Komnenos. The aristocracy challenged his dominance, led by the princess Maria Komnene, who plotted to assassinate the ''prōtosebastos''. The plot was discovered and most conspirators arrested, but Maria and her husband fled to the Hagia Sophia, protected by Patriarch Theodosios Borradiotes and the common people of Constantinople. Mounting tension ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protostrator
''Prōtostratōr'' () was a Byzantine court office, originating as the imperial stable master. Its proximity to the imperial person led to a highly visible role in imperial ceremonies, and served as a springboard for several capable individuals, like Manuel the Armenian or the future emperors Michael II and Basil I the Macedonian, to reach the highest offices. From the mid-11th century, the post rose in importance, becoming more an honorific dignity for senior members of the court, than an actual office. From the 13th century on, the post could be held by several persons, and ranked eighth in the overall hierarchy of the court. Throughout its history, it was a title often borne by senior military commanders. The female form of the title, given to the wives of the ''prōtostratores'', was ''prōtostratorissa'' (πρωτοστρατόρισσα). History and evolution The title means "first ", reflecting the office's initial nature as chief of the imperial order (''taxis'') of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigor III Pahlavuni
Grigor III Pahlavuni (; also Catholicos Grigor III Pahlavuni or Gregory III of Cilicia) ( 1093–1166) was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1113 to 1166. Biography Election as Catholicos Grigor was consecrated as Catholicos around 1113/14 at the monastery of Karmir Vank in the vicinity of Kaysun where he had been brought by his maternal granduncle Grigor II. Grigor III held office as catholicos for a little more than fifty years, and his younger brother Nerses assisted him greatly during this time. Pahlavuni was able to maintain peace within the Cilician Kingdom and the catholicosate during a time of instability due to raids from foreign invaders. Reunification talks with the Catholic Church In November 1139 he participated together with his brother Nerses in the legatine council convened by the papal legate Alberic of Ostia in the cathedral of Antioch. After that, Grigor continued with Alberic on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Here he attended another s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
