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Constitution Of Medina
The Constitution of Medina (; or ; also known as the Umma Document), is a document dealing with tribal affairs during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's time in Medina and formed the basis of the First Islamic State, a multi-religious polity under his leadership. Many tribal groups are mentioned, including the Banu Najjar and Quraysh, as well as many tribal institutions, like vengeance, blood money, ransom, alliance, and clientage. The Constitution of Medina has striking resemblances with Surah 5 (Al-Ma'idah) of the Quran. The name "Constitution of Medina" is misleading as the text did not establish a state. The name was coined by modern historians, whereas source texts just describe it as a document (''kitāb'', ''ṣaḥīfah''). The text was recorded by Ibn Ishaq and Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam, though how they encountered the text is unclear. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted as authentic. It may have been preserved due to interest in its manner of administration. Backgroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a ''written constitution''; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a ''codified constitution''. The Constitution of the United Kingdom is a notable example of an ''uncodified constitution''; it is instead written in numerous fundamental acts of a legislature, court cases, and treaties. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign countries to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty that establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty. The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief. The term is also applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies. In contrast, fealty (''fidelitas'') was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch. European vassalage In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the Homage (feudal), homage and the fealty, including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to Eginhard's brief description, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Hisham
Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari (; died 7 May 833), known simply as Ibn Hisham, was a 9th-century Abbasid historian and scholar. He grew up in Basra, in modern-day Iraq and later moved to Egypt. Life Ibn Hisham has been said to have grown up in Basra and moved afterwards to Egypt.Mustafa al-Suqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafidh Shalabi, ''Tahqiq Sirah an-Nabawiyyah li Ibn Hisham'', ed.: Dar Ihya al-Turath, pp. 23-4. His family was native to Basra but he himself was born in Old Cairo. He gained a name as a grammarian and student of language and history in Egypt. His family was of Himyarite origin and belonged to Banu Ma‘afir tribe of Yemen. Biography of Muḥammad ''As-Sīrah an-Nabawiyyah'' (), 'The Life of the Prophet'; is an edited recension of Ibn Isḥāq's classic ''Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh'' () 'The Life of God's Messenger'. Ibn Isḥāq's now lost work survives only in Ibn Hishām's and al-Tabari's recensions, although fragments of seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)
''Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah'' (, 'The Life of the Prophet') also known as ''Siraat-e Ibn Hisham'' and Sirat Al Nabi is a prophetic biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, written by Ibn Hisham. According to Islamic tradition, the book is an edited recension of Ibn Isḥāq's ''Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh'' () 'The Life of God's Messenger'. The work of Ibn Hishām and al-Tabari work, along with fragments by several others, are the only surviving copies of the work traditionally attributed to Ibn Ishaq. Ibn Hishām and al-Tabarī share virtually the same material. Ibn Hishām said in the preface that he chose from the original work of Ibn Isḥāq in the tradition of his disciple Ziyād al-Baqqāʾi (d. 799), omitting stories from ''Al-Sīrah'' that contain no mention of Muḥammad, certain poems, traditions whose accuracy Ziyād al-Baqqāʾi could not confirm, and offensive passages that could offend the reader. Al-Tabari includes controversial episodes of the Satanic Verses includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historiography Of Early Islam
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century. Muslims developed methodologies such as the "science of biography" and the "science of hadith" to evaluate the reliability of these narratives, while prominent figures like Ibn Khaldun introduced critical historiographical methods, emphasizing the importance of context and the systematic evaluation of historical data. Primary sources 7th-century Islamic sources * Birmingham Quran manuscript. Between c. 568 and 645 CE Tübingen fragment Radiocarbon dated between c. 649 and 675 CE (though written in the post-8th century Kufic script) * Sanaa manuscript. Between c. 578 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Bidaya Wa L-Nihaya
(, ''The Beginning and the End''), sometimes also known as the , is a work on Islamic history by the Sunni Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir (). Overview The different volumes of the book deal with the beginning of creation and the sending of man upon the earth, the lives of the prophets, and the lives of the companions of Muhammad. The last volume records predictions of future events such as the signs of the day of judgment ('' Qiyama''), when Muslims believe people will enter ''Jannah'' (heaven) or ''Jahannam'' (hell). See also * List of Sunni books This is a list of significant books in the doctrines of Sunni Islam. A classical example of an index of Islamic books can be found in Kitāb al-Fihrist of Ibn Al-Nadim. The Qur'an Qur'anic translations ''(in English)'' Some notable & famous ... * * References External links Sunni literature History books about Islam Universal history books {{islam-hist-book-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)
''Sirat Rasul Allah'' (The Life of God's Messenger) is a biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ibn Hisham published a further revised version of the book, under the same title '' Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah''. Original version, survival Ibn Isḥaq collected oral traditions about the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. These traditions, which he orally dictated to his pupils,Raven, Wim, Sīra and the Qurʾān – Ibn Isḥāq and his editors, ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an''. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. pp 29-51. are now known collectively as ''Sīrat Rasūl Allāh'' ( "Life of the Messenger of God"). His work is entirely lost and survives only in the following sources: * Two edited copies, or recensions, of his work by Ibn Hisham based on the work of al-Bakka'i survive. Al-Bakka'i's work has perished and only ibn Hisham's has survived, in copies. Two such copies exist, the latter of the two is more heavily edit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Sa'd
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Sa‘d ibn Manī‘ al-Baṣrī al-Hāshimī or simply Ibn Sa'd () and nicknamed ''Scribe of Waqidi'' (''Katib al-Waqidi''), was a scholar and Arabian biographer. Ibn Sa'd was born in 784/785 CE (168 AH) and died on 16 February 845 CE (230 AH). Ibn Sa'd was from Basra, but lived mostly in Baghdad, hence the ''nisba'' al-Basri and al-Baghdadi respectively. He is said to have died at the age of 62 in Baghdad and was buried in the cemetery of the Syrian gate. ''Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr'' The '' Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr'' () is a compendium of biographical information ('' tabaqāt'') about famous Islamic personalities. This eight-volume work contains the lives of Muhammad, his Companions and his Helpers, including those who fought at the Battle of Badr as a special class, and of the following generation, the Followers, who received their traditions from the Companions. Ibn Sa'd's authorship of this work is attested in a postscript ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peoples Of The Book
People of the Book, or ''Ahl al-Kitāb'' (), is a classification in Islam for the adherents of those religions that are regarded by Muslims as having received a divine revelation from Allah, generally in the form of a holy scripture. The classification chiefly refers to pre-Islamic Abrahamic religions. In the Quran, they are identified as the Jews, the Christians, the Sabians, and—according to some interpretations—the Zoroastrians. Beginning in the 8th century, this recognition was extended to other groups, such as the Samaritans (who are closely related to the Jews),. and, controversially, Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, among others. In most applications, "People of the Book" is simply used by Muslims to refer to the followers of Judaism and Christianity, with which Islam shares many values, guidelines, and principles. Historically, in countries and regions following Islamic law, the religious communities that Muslims recognized as People of the Book were subject to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eye For An Eye
"An eye for an eye" (, ) is a commandment found in the Book of Exodus 21:23–27 expressing the principle of reciprocal justice measure for measure. The earliest known use of the principle appears in the Code of Hammurabi, which predates the writing of the Hebrew Bible but not necessarily oral traditions. The law of exact retaliation (), or reciprocal justice, bears the same principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree by the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the estimated value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to ''restrict'' compensation to the value of the loss. Definition and methods The term ''lex talionis'' does not always refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see mirror punishment), but rather applies to the broader class of legal systems that formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity. Some p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yawm Al-Buath
The Yawm al-Buʿāth (Arabic: معرکة بُعاث) was a 7th-century battle in Medina that was fought between the two dominant tribes living there, the Aws and the Khazraj. The battle marked the final armed conflict between both tribes before their conversion to Islam after the arrival of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Time period The events of this battle are dated to around the 610–620s within the 7th century CE. This would also be consistent with the narrative that the battle occurred during the arrival of prophethood of Muhammad, and ended not too long before Muhammad arrived to Medina during the Hijrah. Background The Aws and Khazraj tribes were known for their many armed rivalries throughout history.Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2008). ''The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet''. Dar-us-Salam Publications. As the Aws were preparing for yet another war, they pleaded with the Jewish tribes of Qurayza and Nadir to assist them; the Jews were reluctant at first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Ubaid Al-Qasim Bin Salam
Abu Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Khurasani al-Harawi (; c. 770–838) was an Arabs, Arab philologist and the author of many standard books on lexicography, Qur’anic sciences, hadith, and fiqh. He was born in Herat, the son of a Population of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine slave. He left his native town and studied philology at the Grammarians of Basra, Basra school under many famous scholars such as al-Asmaʿi (d. 213/828), Abu Ubaidah (scholar), Abu ʿUbayda (d. c.210/825), and Abu Zayd al-Ansari (d. 214 or 215/830–1), and at the Grammarians of Kufa, Kufa school under Abu_Amr_Ishaq_ibn_Mirar_al-Shaybani, Abu ʿAmr al-Shaybani (d. c.210/825), al-Kisaʾi (d. c.189/805), and others. He was the first to develop a recorded science for tajwid, giving the rules of tajwid names and putting it into writing in his book called ''al-Qirā'āt.'' He wrote about 25 reciters, including the 7 mutawatir reciters. He made the reality, transmitted through reciters of every generation, a scien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
