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Conquest Of Murcia In 1243
The Treaty of Alcaraz was an agreement signed in Alcaraz around April 2, 1243, between Alfonso of Castile – the future Alfonso X – acting on behalf of Ferdinand III of Castile, and several representatives of the Muslim noble families of the Emirate of Murcia. The treaty The Hudid Emirate of Murcia suffered internal instability following the assassination of Ibn Hud in 1238. By early 1243, the emir of Murcia, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hud Baha al-Dawla, faced a dual threat from the Order of Santiago and the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Pressured by these dangers, he proposed vassalage to Castile, sending his son as an emissary to Burgos. The treaty was signed in April 1243 at the Shrine of Our Lady of Cortes in the Castilian town of Alcaraz, The treaty established a Castilian protectorate over the Emirate of Murcia, including the following terms: * The Murcian rulers accepted vassalage to the Castilian monarch. * Castilian troops would occupy the fortresses of the reg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcaraz, Albacete
Alcaraz is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Albacete, Castilla–La Mancha Castilla–La Mancha (, ; ) is an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain. Comprising the provinces of Province of Albacete, Albacete, Province of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Province of Cuenca, Cuenca, Province of Guadalajar .... The municipality spans across a total area of 370.53 km2. The locality lies at 953 metres above mean sea level. History Alcaraz was incorporated to Christian domain in 1213. The town was granted the status of city in 1429, by means of the concession of a royal privilege. The urban oligarchy controlling political power and riches in the later Middle Ages was formed by a mix of the '' nobleza hidalga'' (descended from '' knights-villein'') and the so-called ''caballeros cuantiosos''. The Alcaraz's extensive municipal territory during the Middle Ages had decreased fivefold by the end of the 16th century, after the emancipation of severa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vassalage
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty. The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief. The term is also applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies. In contrast, fealty (''fidelitas'') was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch. European vassalage In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the fealty, including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to Eginhard's brief description, the ''comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1240s Treaties
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number. In digital technology, 1 represents the "on" state in binary code, the foundation of computing. Philosophically, 1 symbolizes the ultimate reality or source of existence in various traditions. In mathematics The number 1 is the first natural number after 0. Each natural numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The Kingdom Of Castile
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of treat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Murcia (region)
The documented history of Murcia traces back at least to the Middle Ages, after ''Madinat Mursiya'' was built by Andalusi Emir Abd al-Rahman II in the 9th century, while it is suggested the city was erected over a previous settlement of Roman Empire, Roman origin. Pre Foundation The territory has been inhabited by humans since prehistory. People also lived in the current municipality during the Bronze and Iron Ages. During the late Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, the occupancy of part of the current municipality was performed by the Argaric people. During the late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, the people who inhabited the current municipality were the Iberians. A remarkable site is a religious building, whose name is the De la Luz Iberian Sanctuary. There are traces of people presence during the Roman rule in the Iberian Peninsula era. A construction of the late Roman period in the Iberian Peninsula is a fortress, ''Castillo de los Garres'', located in the south of the northern h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso X "the Wise"
Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, ; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Duchy of Gascony as well. Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed the Astrologer (''el Astrólogo'')—led him to sponsor the creation of the Alfonsine tables, and the Alphonsus crater on the Moon is named after him. He also sponsored the work of historians who, for the first time since Isidore of Seville in , placed Spain in the context of world history. As a lawmaker he introduced the first vernacular law code in Castile, the '' Siete Partidas''. He created the Mesta, an association of sheep farmers in the central plain, but debased the coinage to finance his claim to the German crown. He fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mudéjar Revolt Of 1264-1266
Mudéjar were Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following the Christian reconquest. It is also a term for Mudéjar art, which was greatly influenced by Islamic art, but produced typically by Christian craftsmen for Christian patrons. ''Mudéjar'' was used in contrast to both Muslims in Muslim-ruled areas (for example, Muslims of Granada before 1492) and Moriscos, who were often forcibly converted and may or may not have continued to secretly practice Islam. The corresponding term for Christians living under Muslim rule is Mozarabs. Starting from the eleventh century, when larger regions previously under Muslim control fell to Christian kingdoms, treaties were established with the remaining Muslim population which defined their status as Mudejar. Their status, modelled after the dhimmi, established a parallel society with its own religious, legal, administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to their Christian kings and lords. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrixaca
Arrixaca (later San Esteban) was an ''arrabal'' (suburb) of Murcia, although it is now in the centre of the expanded city. It is the site of the Al-Andalusian palatial complex and neighborhood of San Esteban. Etymology The name may have Basque- Navarrese origins, similar to place names like Arriyaga, Arrillaga, Arrixaga, or Arrixaca. Linguistically, it could mean "place of stones. History Islamic Era This residential area had access to water from the Acequia Mayor Aljufía irrigation canal. In medieval times, the canal ran along the northern side of the walled city of Murcia, outside the Arab Walls of Murcia. This facilitated the development of Arrixaca, where wealthy Andalusian families established their almunias thanks to the availability of water. It is no coincidence that rulers like Ibn Mardanis (12th century) and Ibn Hud (13th century) built their recreational palaces in this area, drawing water directly from the Aljufía. The former patroness of Murcia, Our Lad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartagena, Spain
Cartagena () is a Spanish city belonging to the Region of Murcia. As of January 2018, it has a population of 218,943 inhabitants. The city lies in a natural harbor of the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Cartagena is the region's second-largest municipality. The wider urban or metropolitan area of Cartagena, known as Campo de Cartagena, has a population of 409,586 inhabitants. Cartagena has been inhabited for over two millennia, being founded around 227 BC by the Carthaginians, Carthaginian military leader Hasdrubal the Fair, Hasdrubal. The city reached its peak under the Hispania, Roman Empire, when it was known as , capital of the province of . Cartagena was temporarily held over by the Byzantine Empire in late antiquity, before being raided by Visigoths circa 620–625. The Islamic city rebuilt around the Concepción Hill, mentioned as , was noted by the 11th century as a great harbor. Unsubmissive to the terms of the Treaty of Alcaraz, Carta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mula, Murcia
Mula is a Municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain belonging to the Region of Murcia. It is located in southeastern Iberia. It has a total area of 633.84 km2 and, as of 1 January 2020, a registered population of 17,021. It is best known for the ''tamboradas'' (drumming processions) held during the Holy Week procession, Holy Week. Geography The neighborhoods of Mula include Fuente Librilla, Yechar, Los Baños De Mula, Puebla De Mula, and Casas Nuevas. The municipality of Mula has the following neighboring municipalities: *Calasparra, Cieza, Murcia, Cieza and Ricote to the North *Ricote, Campos del Río, Albudeite, Alcantarilla and Murcia to the East *Librilla, Alhama de Murcia and Totana to the South *Bullas, Cehegín and Lorca, Spain, Lorca to the West *Pliego is completely surrounded by Mula. Part of Sierra Espuña mountain range occupies part of the municipality. Another remarkable geographical element is Mula river and a stretch of it traverses Mula. There are also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorca, Spain
Lorca () is a municipality and city in the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia in south-eastern Spain, southwest of the city of Murcia. The municipality had a population of 95,515 in 2020, up from the 2001 census total of 77,477. Lorca has the second largest surface area of municipalities in Spain, , after Cáceres, Spain, Cáceres. The city is home to Lorca Castle and to a Collegiate church dedicated to St. Patrick. In the Middle Ages Lorca was a frontier city between Christian and Muslim Spain. Earlier, during the Roman period, it was the ancient Ilura or Heliocroca. The city was seriously damaged by a magnitude 5.1 2011 Lorca earthquake, earthquake on 11 May 2011, killing at least nine people. Due to a shallow hypocenter, the earthquake was much more destructive than usual for earthquakes with similar magnitude. History Prehistory and Antiquity Archaeological excavations in the Lorca area have revealed that it has been inhabited continuously since Neolithic times, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castilian Monarch
The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1716. In 1492, the voyage of Christopher Columbus and the discovery of the Americas were major events in the history of Castile. The West Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The discovery of the Pacific Ocean, the conquest of the Aztec Empire, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
