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Conocybe Coprophila
''Conocybe'' is a genus of mushrooms with ''Conocybe tenera'' as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are at least 50 different species in North America. Most have a long, thin fragile stipe and are delicate, growing in grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. ''Conocybe'' species generally prefer fertile soils in lawns and pastures and are found worldwide. ''Conocybe'' species are sometimes called dunce caps or cone heads due to their conical or bell-shaped caps. Former species of ''Conocybe'' that have a well-developed partial veil and/or lack lecythiform cheilocystidia have been transferred to the genus ''Pholiotina'', which was formerly a subgenus of ''Conocybe''. However, ''Pholiotina'' as it is currently defined is polyphyletic, although none of the three clades that make it up belong in ''Conocybe''. Similar to ''Galerina'', a ''Conocybe'' species can be distinguished microscopically by its cellular cap cuticle, which is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Tenera
''Conocybe tenera'', commonly known as the brown dunce cap or common cone head, is a widely distributed member of the genus ''Conocybe'', for which it serves as the type species. Description ''Conocybe tenera'' is a small saprotrophic mushroom with a conic to convex cap which is smooth and orangish brown. It is up to wide and is striate almost to the center. The stem is long, 1–4 mm thick, and is equal width for the whole length, sometimes with some swelling at the base. It lacks an annulus (ring), is hollow and pruinose near the top. The gills are adnexed and pale brown, darkening in age. The spore print is rusty brown. The spores are yellowish brown, smooth and elliptical with a germ pore, measuring 12 x 6 μm. Similar species The species requires microscopy to identify. It resembles members of ''Galerina'', ''Pholiotina'', and ''Psathyrella'', as well as '' Parasola conopilea''. The related '' C. filaris'' is poisonous. Distribution and habitat Comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galerina
''Galerina'' is a genus of small brown-spore saprobic mushroom-bearing fungi, with over 300 species found throughout the world from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. The genus is most noted for some extremely poisonous species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of ''Psilocybe''. ''Galerina'' mushrooms are typically small and hygrophanous, with a slender and brittle stem. They are often found growing on wood, and when on the ground have a preference for mossy habitats. ''Galerina'' means ''helmet-like''. Taxonomic definition The genus ''Galerina'' is defined as small mushrooms of mycenoid stature, that is, roughly similar in form to ''Mycena'' species: a small conical to bell-shaped cap, and gills attached to a long and slender cartilaginous stem. Species have a pileipellis that is a cutis, and ornamented spores that are brown in deposit, where the spore ornamentation comes from an extra spore covering. Description ''Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Filaris
''Conocybe rugosa'' is a common and highly toxic species of mushroom that is widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. Taxonomy The species was originally described in the genus ''Pholiotina'', and its morphology and a 2013 molecular phylogenetics study supported its continued classification there. Description ''Conocybe rugosa'' has a conical cap that expands to flat, usually with an umbo. It is less than 3 cm across, has a smooth brown top, and the margin is often striate. The gills are rusty brown, close, and adnexed. The stalk is 2 mm thick and 1 to 6 cm long, smooth, and brown, with a prominent and movable ring. The spores are rusty brown, and it may be difficult to identify the species without a microscope. Habitat and distribution The species grows in woodchips, flowerbeds and compost piles. It has been found in Europe, Asia and North America. It is especially common in the Pacific Northwest. Toxicity This species is deadly poisonous, the fruit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oaxaca
Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of the Mexico, United Mexican States. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 municipalities, of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca City, Oaxaca de Juárez. Oaxaca is in southern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, and Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state is best known for #Indigenous peoples, its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotec peoples, Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but 16 are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state's rugged and isolating terrain. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazatec People
The Mazatec are an Indigenous people of Mexico who inhabit the Sierra Mazateca in the state of Oaxaca and some communities in the adjacent states of Puebla and Veracruz. Some researchers have theorized that the Mazatec, along with Popoloca speakers, once inhabited the lowlands of the Papaloapan basin, but were driven into the adjacent highlands by the expansion of Nahuas. Language family The Mazatecan languages are part of the Popolocan family which, in turn, is part of the Otomanguean language family. Traditional religious rituals Mazatec tradition includes the cultivation of entheogens for spiritual and ritualistic use. Plants and fungi used for this purpose include psilocybin mushrooms, psychoactive morning glory seeds (from species such as ''Ipomoea tricolor'' and '' Ipomoea corymbosa''), and '' Salvia divinorum''.Valdés ''et al.'' (1983) This latter plant is known to Mazatec shamans as ''ska María Pastora'', the name containing a reference to the Virgin Mary. Notabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaman
Shamanism is a spiritual practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way. Beliefs and practices categorized as shamanic have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers, and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. Terminology Etymology The Modern English word ''shamanism'' derives from the Russian word , , which itself comes from the word from a Tungusic language – possibly from the southwestern dialect of the Evenki spoken by the Sym Evenki peoples, or from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Smithii
''Conocybula cyanopus'' is a species of fungus that contains psychoactive compounds including psilocybin and the uncommon aeruginascin. Originally described as ''Galerula cyanopus'' by American mycologist George Francis Atkinson in 1918. It was transferred to ''Conocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1935 before being transferred to ''Pholiotina'' by Rolf Singer in 1950 and finally to '' Conocybula'' by T. Bau & H. B. Song in 2024. ''Conocybula cyanopus'' is recognized as the type species of ''Conocybula sect. Cyanopodae''. While the taxon ''Conocybula smithii'' has sometimes been considered as a junior synonym of ''Conocybula cyanopus'', this much more common species differs by its distribution, DNA barcode, length of its cheilocystidia and pileocystidia. Description ''Conocybula cyanopus'' is a small saprotrophic mushroom with a conic to broadly convex cap which is smooth and colored ocher to cinnamon brown. It is usually less than 25 mm across and the margin is striate, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Siligineoides
''Conocybe siligineoides'', also known as cone caps, Ya'nte, Ta'a'ya, or Tamu, is a species of macro-fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae. It has seldom been observed by the mycological community with all specimens having been collected in Mexico. Originally reported as a sacred mushroom, no chemical studies have been undertaken on this species although other members of the same genus have been shown to contain psilocybin, which causes strong hallucinations. They are crushed, dried, and used in tea, and consumed fresh. Description It is a thin, small, about in height, mushroom that is reddish-orange with a cone or bell shaped cap. When spores are forming the cap will turn a rusty color. Traditional uses The Mazatec used this fungus as an entheogenic. The Aztec called them sacred mushrooms and used them for healing and various rituals. A cult in the Ivory Coast of Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Kuehneriana
''Conocybe velutipes'' is a species of mushroom in the Bolbitiaceae The Bolbitiaceae are a family (biology), family of mushroom-forming basidiomycete fungi. A 2008 estimate placed 17 genera and 287 species in the family. Bolbitiaceae was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1948 ... family. References Bolbitiaceae Psychoactive fungi Psychedelic tryptamine carriers Fungus species {{Agaricales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybin
Psilocybin, also known as 4-phosphoryloxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (4-PO-DMT), is a natural product, naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid and Investigational New Drug, investigational drug found in more than List of psilocybin mushroom species, 200 species of mushrooms, with Hallucinogen, hallucinogenic and Serotonin, serotonergic effects. Effects include euphoria, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time (via brain desynchronization), and perceived spiritual experiences. It can also cause adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks. Its effects depend on set and setting and one's subject-expectancy effect, expectations. Psilocybin is a prodrug of psilocin. That is, the compound itself is biologically inactive but quickly converted by the body to psilocin. Psilocybin is transformed into psilocin by dephosphorylation mediated via phosphatase enzymes. Psilocin is structural analog, chemically related to the neurotransmitter serotonin and acts as a binding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocin
Psilocin, also known as 4-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (4-HO-DMT), is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. Psilocybin, as well as synthetic esters such as 4-AcO-DMT (psilacetin; ''O''-acetylpsilocin) and 4-PrO-DMT (''O''-propionylpsilocin), are prodrugs of psilocin. Acting on the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, psilocin's psychedelic effects are directly correlated with the drug's occupancy at these receptor sites. It also interacts with other serotonin receptors and targets. The subjective mind-altering effects of psilocin are highly variable in their qualitative nature but resemble those of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Uses Psilocin is used recreationally, spirituality or shamanically, and medically. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
