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Congo Free State–United States Relations
Relations between the Congo Free State and the United States began after recognition between the two states in 1885 when the Congo Free State was established. After Belgium under Leopold II annexed the Congo Free State in 1908, later becoming Belgian Congo, relations ceased between the two nations. History The United States outside of Belgium became the first Western nation to recognize the establishment of the Congo Free State on September 11, 1885, in a letter written by President Grover Cleveland to Leopold II. Prior to the recognition of the Free State, the United States Senate authorized President Chester A. Arthur to recognize the International Association of the Congo, the predecessor state of the Free State, declaring, "to recognize the flag of the AIC as the equal of that of an allied government." George Washington Williams, a former soldier in the American Civil War, visited Belgium and interviewed Leopold II to write articles as a representative for S. S. McClure's Ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congo Free State
The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (), was a large Sovereign state, state and absolute monarchy in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately owned by Leopold II of Belgium, King Leopold II, the constitutional monarch of the Kingdom of Belgium. In legal terms, the two separate countries were in a personal union. The Congo Free State was not a part of, nor did it belong to, Belgium. Leopold was able to Colonization of the Congo Basin, seize the region by convincing other European states at the Berlin Conference on Africa that he was involved in humanitarian and philanthropic work and would not tax trade. Via the International Association of the Congo, he was able to lay claim to most of the Congo Basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Hochschild
Adam Hochschild ( ; born October 5, 1942) is an American author, journalist, historian and lecturer. His best-known works include ''King Leopold's Ghost'' (1998), ''To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918'' (2011), '' Bury the Chains'' (2005), '' The Mirror at Midnight'' (1990), ''The Unquiet Ghost'' (1994), and '' Spain in Our Hearts'' (2016). Biography Adam Hochschild was born in New York City. His father, Harold Hochschild, was of German Jewish descent; his mother, Mary Marquand Hochschild, was of English and Scottish descent and the daughter of pioneering art historian Allan Marquand, and an uncle by marriage, Boris Sergievsky, was a World War I fighter pilot in the Imperial Russian Air Force. His German-born paternal grandfather Berthold Hochschild co-founded the mining firm American Metal Company. Hochschild graduated from Harvard in 1963 with a BA in History and Literature. As a college student, he spent a summer working on an anti-government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilateral Relations Of The Congo Free State
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Bilateral may refer to any concept including two sides, in particular: *Bilateria, bilateral animals *Bilateralism, the political and cultural relations between two states *Bilateral, occurring on both sides of an organism ( Anatomical terms of location § Medial and lateral) *Bilateral symmetry, symmetry between two sides of an organism *Bilateral filter, an image processing algorithm * Bilateral amplifier, a type of amplifier * ''Bilateral'' (album), an album by the band ''Leprous'' *Bilateral school, see Partially selective school (England) In England, a partially selective school is one of a few dozen state-funded secondary schools that select a proportion of their intake by ability or aptitude, permitted as a continuation of arrangements that existed prior to 1997. Though treate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congo Free State–United States Relations
Relations between the Congo Free State and the United States began after recognition between the two states in 1885 when the Congo Free State was established. After Belgium under Leopold II annexed the Congo Free State in 1908, later becoming Belgian Congo, relations ceased between the two nations. History The United States outside of Belgium became the first Western nation to recognize the establishment of the Congo Free State on September 11, 1885, in a letter written by President Grover Cleveland to Leopold II. Prior to the recognition of the Free State, the United States Senate authorized President Chester A. Arthur to recognize the International Association of the Congo, the predecessor state of the Free State, declaring, "to recognize the flag of the AIC as the equal of that of an allied government." George Washington Williams, a former soldier in the American Civil War, visited Belgium and interviewed Leopold II to write articles as a representative for S. S. McClure's Ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Africa–United States Relations
Africa–United States relations are the political, economic and cultural ties between the United States and the independent African countries. History Before World War II, the United States dealt directly only with the former American colony of Liberia, the independent nation of Ethiopia, the independent nation of Morocco, and the semi-independent nation of Egypt. Democratic Republic of the Congo The Belgian Congo proclaimed its independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, the actual transfer of sovereignty from Belgium to the Congolese people involved a handover ceremony where King Baudouin of Belgium declared it, as President Eisenhower recognized the Democratic Republic of the Congo's independence from Belgian rule as a new nation in Africa. While the United States and Belgium were concerned about Lumumba's policies, particularly his close relationship with the Soviet Union and his perceived communist sympathies. Joseph-Desiré Mobutu came to power and renamed the country Za ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orange Free State–United States Relations
The Orange Free State and the United States began relations in 1871 with the U.S. recognizing the former, but formal relations were never established and ended in 1902 after the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging concluding the Second Boer War. History The United States recognized the Orange Free State when representatives between both states signed the Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition on December 22, 1871, in Bloemfontein, now the current judicial capital of present-day South Africa. The treaty was signed by U.S. Special Agent Willard W. Edgcomb, who served as American Consul at the Cape of Good Hope, and the government secretary of the Orange Free State, Friedrich Kaufmann Höhne. Despite the signing of the agreement, the government of the Orange Free State denounced it on January 4, 1895, twenty-four years later. On December 16, 1891, Ernst Richard Landgraf was appointed U.S. Consular Agent to the Orange Free State. A consulate office was established in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belgium–United States Relations
The United States and Belgium maintain a friendly bilateral relationship. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marked the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship. According to the 2021 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 41% of Belgians approve of U.S. leadership, with 36% disapproving and 23% uncertain. History Before World War I Prior to 1830, Belgium was part of the Dutch Republic, which colonized much of the northeastern coast of North America during the 17th Century (see New Netherland, New Netherland settlements). As part of this (ultimately failed) colonial project, many Belgians settled in what would become the United States during the 1600s. During the American Revolutionary War many of the aforementioned Belgian settlers in North America fought in the Continental Army. In 1830, Belgium declared its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. During the ensuing Belgian Revolution, France helped Belgium gain its indepe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Republic Of The Congo–United States Relations
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations refers to international bilateral relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States of America. Historical relations Early relations Relations between the United States and the DR Congo began in the midst of the Cold War, when the Congo gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960. Shortly after independence, the Congo fell into crisis: in the province of Katanga, Moïse Tshombé declared the secession of Katanga on July 11, 1960, supported by Belgian, British, and French interests. The US provided diplomatic support for the territorial integrity of the young state and the United Nations operation in Congo. By January 1963, international and Congolese troops, with US support, had succeeded in ending the Katanga conflict and reintegrating the province into the Congo. At the same time, the US played a controversial role in the overthrow and assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the Congo' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Relations Of The United States
The United States has formal diplomatic relations with most nations. This includes all United Nations members and observer states other than Bhutan, Iran, North Korea and Syria, and the UN observer Territory of Palestine. Additionally, the U.S. has diplomatic relations with Kosovo and the European Union. The United States federal statutes relating to foreign relations can be found in Title 22 of the United States Code. The United States has the second-most diplomatic posts of any state, after China. History Diplomatic relations List of countries with which the United States of America maintains diplomatic relations: Bilateral relations North and South America Caribbean Europe American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, former Communist-bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism. Many have also joined the European Union and NATO, strengthening ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Republic Of The Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is the List of African countries by area, second-largest country in Africa and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 11th-largest in the world. With a population of around 112 million, the DR Congo is the most populous nominally List of countries and territories where French is an official language, Francophone country in the world. Belgian French, French is the official and most widely spoken language, though there are Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, over 200 indigenous languages. The national capital and largest city is Kinshasa, which is also the economic center. The country is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda Province, Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaire
Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire, was the name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 18 May 1997. Located in Central Africa, it was, by area, the third-largest country in Africa after Sudan and Algeria, and the 11th-largest country in the world from 1965 to 1991. With a population of over 23 million, Zaire was the most populous Francophone country in Africa. Zaire was strategically important to the West during the Cold War, particularly the U.S., as a counterbalance to Soviet influence in Africa. The U.S. and its allies supported the Mobutu regime (1965–1997) with military and economic aid to prevent the spread of communism. The country was a one-party totalitarian military dictatorship, run by Mobutu Sese Seko and his Popular Movement of the Revolution. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, after five years of political upheaval following independence from Belgium known as the Congo Crisis. Zaire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of The Congo (Léopoldville)
The Republic of the Congo () was the period of the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1960 and 1971. Located in Central Africa, the state was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was also known as Congo-Léopoldville (after its capital) to distinguish it from its northwestern neighbor, which is also called the Republic of the Congo, alternatively known as "Congo-Brazzaville". In 1964, the state's official name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo'','' but the two countries continued to be distinguished by their capitals; with the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa in 1966, it became also known as Congo-Kinshasa. After Mobutu Sese Seko, Joseph Désiré Mobutu, commander-in-chief of the national army, Congo Crisis, seized control of the government in 1965, the Democratic Republic of the Congo became the Zaire, Republic of Zaire in 1971; but it was reverted back to the Democratic Republic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
