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Commercial Code (communications)
In telecommunication, a commercial code is a code once used to save on cablegram costs. Telegraph (and telex) charged per word sent, so companies which sent large volumes of telegrams developed codes to save money on tolls. Elaborate commercial codes which encoded complete phrases into single words were developed and published as codebooks of thousands of phrases and sentences with corresponding codewords. Commercial codes were not generally intended to keep telegrams private, as codes were widely published; they were usually cost-saving measures only. Many general-purpose codes, such as the Acme Commodity and Phrase Code, ''Acme Code'' and the ''ABC Code'', were published and widely used between the 1870s and the 1950s, before the arrival of transatlantic telephone calls and next-day airmail rendered them obsolete. Numerous special-purpose codes were also developed and sold for fields as varied as aviation, car dealerships, insurance, and cinema, containing words and phrases common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Telecommunication
Telecommunication, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as telecom, is the transmission of information over a distance using electronic means, typically through cables, radio waves, or other communication technologies. These means of transmission may be divided into communication channels for multiplexing, allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent Session (computer science), communication sessions. Long-distance technologies invented during the 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the electrical telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, and radio. Early telecommunication networks used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for telegraphy and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in wireless communication began with breakthroughs including those made in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi, who won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. Othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Phillips Code
The Phillips Code is a brevity code (shorthand) compiled and expanded in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips (then of the Associated Press) for the rapid transmission of telegraph messages, including press reports. Overview It was compiled in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips, who explained that he was in large part putting down the collective experience of generations of telegraph operators. In the introduction to the 1907 edition of his book, "The Phillips Code: A Thoroughly Tested Method of Shorthand Arranged for Telegraphic Purposes. And Contemplating the Rapid Transmission of Press Reports; Also Intended to be Used as an Easily Acquired Method for General Newspaper and Court Reporting," Phillips wrote, "Research suggests that at one time, commercial telegraphs and railroads had numerical codes that contained at least 100 groupings. Few survived beyond the turn of the century. The compilation in this book represents the consensus of many whose duties brought them into close contact with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Telegraphy
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not. Ancient signalling systems, although sometimes quite extensive and sophisticated as in China, were generally not capable of transmitting arbitrary text messages. Possible messages were fixed and predetermined, so such systems are thus not true telegraphs. The earliest true telegraph put into widespread use was the Chappe telegraph, an optical telegraph invented by Claude Chappe in the late 18th century. The system was used extensively in France, and European nations occupied by France, during the Napoleonic era. The electric telegraph started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century. It was first taken up in Britain in the form of the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, initially used mostly as an aid to railw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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TDR (journal)
''TDR: The Drama Review'' is an academic journal focusing on performances in their social, economic, aesthetic, and political contexts. The journal covers dance, theatre, music, performance art, visual art, popular entertainment, media, sports, rituals, and performance in politics and everyday life. ''TDR: The Drama Review'' was founded in 1955 by Robert W. Corrigan as the "Carleton Drama Review" (so named because Corrigan was a faculty member at Carleton College). Corrigan took ''TDR'' with him to Tulane University in 1957 where he renamed it the ''Tulane Drama Review''. In 1962, Corrigan left Tulane for Carnegie Mellon University and Richard Schechner became editor. Schechner left Tulane for New York University in 1967 taking ''TDR'' with him and renaming it ''TDR: The Drama Review''. Erika Munk succeeded Schechner as editor in 1969. Michael Kirby became editor in 1970. In 1986, Kirby resigned and Schechner resumed ''TDR'' editorship. Schechner continues as editor as of 2021. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Telegraphese
Telegram style, telegraph style, telegraphic style, or telegraphese is a clipped way of writing which abbreviates words and packs information into the smallest possible number of words or characters. It originated in the telegraph age when telecommunication consisted only of short messages transmitted by hand over the telegraph wire. The telegraph companies charged for their service by the number of words in a message, with a maximum of 15 characters per word for a plain-language telegram, and 10 per word for one written in code. The style developed to minimize costs but still convey the message clearly and unambiguously. The related term ''cablese'' describes the style of press messages sent uncoded but in a highly condensed style over submarine communications cables. In the U.S. Foreign Service, cablese referred to condensed telegraphic messaging that made heavy use of abbreviations and avoided use of definite or indefinite articles, punctuation, and other words unnecessary for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Telegraph Code
A telegraph code is one of the character encodings used to transmit information by telegraphy. Morse code is the best-known such code. ''Telegraphy'' usually refers to the electrical telegraph, but telegraph systems using the optical telegraph were in use before that. A code consists of a number of code points, each corresponding to a letter of the alphabet, a numeral, or some other character. In codes intended for machines rather than humans, code points for control characters, such as carriage return, are required to control the operation of the mechanism. Each code point is made up of a number of elements arranged in a unique way for that character. There are usually two types of element (a binary code), but more element types were employed in some codes not intended for machines. For instance, American Morse code had about five elements, rather than the two (dot and dash) of International Morse Code. Codes meant for human interpretation were designed so that the characte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Great Western Railway Telegraphic Codes
Great Western Railway telegraphic codes were a commercial telegraph code used to shorten the telegraphic messages sent between the stations and offices of the railway. The codes listed below are taken from the 1939 edition of the ''Telegraph Message Code'' bookGreat Western Railway (1939) ''Telegraph Message Code'' unless stated otherwise. History The Great Western Railway (GWR) pioneered telegraph communication over the from Paddington to on 9 April 1839 using the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph equipment. Although this early system fell into disuse after a few years, from 1850 a new contract with the Electric Telegraph Company saw double-needle telegraphs working at most stations on the line; these were replaced by single-needle machines from 1860. Although used primarily as a safety device to regulate the passage of trains, it was also used to pass messages between the staff. In order to do this quickly and accurately, a number of code words were used to replace compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Australian Railway Telegraphic Codes
Australian railway telegraphic codes were devised to reduce the size of telegraphic messages, though some survived into the telephone era. They were used in telegrams between various parts of the railway system, such as offices, stations, locomotive depots and goods yards. There is a distinction between the telegraphic codes, and ''telegraphic code addresses''. Many businesses of all kinds identified their telegraphic address, as well as their telephone number, on their stationery. In some states, railway operations would have offices with abbreviated addresses. Structure The codes consisted of four-letter "words", in two syllables, with a two-letter difference from any other code. They stood for phrases, thereby saving time and reducing the likelihood of errors in the message. However, a number of codes required additional words and/or numbers to fully explain what was being communicated. Contrary to popular belief, the four letters were not abbreviations of any four-word phras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Brevity Code
Brevity is concision or brevitas, the quality of being brief or concise, or: * Brevity (comic strip), ''Brevity'' (comic strip), a comic strip created by Guy Endore-Kaiser and Rodd Perry * Brevity code, a vocal word replacement system * Operation Brevity, a World War II battle {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Unicode
Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Character (computing), characters and 168 script (Unicode), scripts used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts. Unicode has largely supplanted the previous environment of a myriad of incompatible character sets used within different locales and on different computer architectures. The entire repertoire of these sets, plus many additional characters, were merged into the single Unicode set. Unicode is used to encode the vast majority of text on the Internet, including most web pages, and relevant Unicode support has become a common consideration in contemporary software development. Unicode is ultimately capable of encoding more than 1.1 million characters. The Unicode character repertoire is synchronized with Univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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ABC Telegraphic Code Section Piers
ABC are the first three letters of the Latin script. ABC or abc may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Broadcasting * Aliw Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine broadcast company * American Broadcasting Company, a commercial American TV broadcaster ** Disney–ABC Television Group, the former name of the parent organization of ABC * Australian Broadcasting Corporation, one of the national publicly funded broadcasters of Australia ** ABC Television (Australian TV network), the national television network of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation *** ABC TV (Australian TV channel), the flagship TV station of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation *** ABC Canberra (TV station), Canberra, and other ABC TV local stations in state capitals *** ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel), an international pay TV channel * ABC Radio (other), several radio stations * Associated Broadcasting Corporation, the former name of TV5 Network, Inc., a Philippine media compa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Western Union
The Western Union Company is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Denver, Denver, Colorado. Founded in 1851 as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company in Rochester, New York, the company changed its name to the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1856 after merging with several other telegraph companies. It dominated the American telegraphy industry from the 1860s to the 1980s, pioneering technology such as telex and developing a range of telegraph-related services, including wire transfer, wire money transfer, in addition to its core business of transmitting and delivering telegram messages. After experiencing financial difficulties, it began to move its business away from communications in the 1980s and increasingly focused on its money-transfer services. It ceased its communications operations completely in 2006, at which time ''The New York Times'' described it as "the world's largest money-transfer business" and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |