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Cognitive Password
A cognitive password is a form of knowledge-based authentication that requires a user to answer a question, presumably something they intrinsically know, to verify their identity. Cognitive password systems have been researched for many years and are currently commonly used as a form of secondary access. They were developed to overcome the common memorability vs. strength problem that exists with the traditional password. Cognitive passwords, when compared to other password systems, can be measured through the usage of a memorability vs. guessability ratio. History Research on passwords as an authentication method has struggled between memorability and strong security. Passwords that are easily remembered are easily cracked by attackers. On the other hand, strong passwords are difficult to crack but also difficult to remember.Zviran and Haga, 1990a When passwords are difficult to remember, users may write them down, and the secrecy of the password is compromised. Early resear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication
Authentication (from ''authentikos'', "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης ''authentes'', "author") is the act of proving an Logical assertion, assertion, such as the Digital identity, identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person, or in a certain place (i.e. to assert that it is not counterfeit), or in a given period of history (e.g. by determining the age via carbon dating). In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. It might involve validating personal identity documents. In art, antiques and anthropology Authentication can be considered to be of three types: The ''first'' type of authentication is accep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Password Strength
Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password against guessing or brute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, complexity, and unpredictability. Using strong passwords lowers the overall risk of a security breach, but strong passwords do not replace the need for other effective security controls. The effectiveness of a password of a given strength is strongly determined by the design and implementation of the authentication factors (knowledge, ownership, inherence). The first factor is the main focus of this article. The rate at which an attacker can submit guessed passwords to the system is a key factor in determining system security. Some systems impose a time-out of several seconds after a small number (e.g. three) of failed password entry attempts. In the absence of other vul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Password Cracking
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. Another type of approach is password spraying, which is often automated and occurs slowly over time in order to remain undetected, using a list of common passwords. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (due to the fact that installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence to which a judge has allowed access, when a particular file's permissions restricted. Time needed for password searche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensory Cue
In perceptual psychology, a sensory cue is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the Sense, sensory input by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving. A ''cue'' is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, sensory cues include Visual system, visual cues, Auditory system, auditory cues, Haptic perception, haptic cues, Sense of smell, olfactory cues and Environmental psychology, environmental cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part of theories of perception, especially theories of appearance (how things look). Concept There are two primary theory sets used to describe the roles of sensory cues in perception. One set of theories are based on the constructivist theory of perception, while the others are based on the ecological theory. Basing his views on the constructivist theory of perception, Helmholtz (1821–1894) held that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angela Sasse
Martina Angela Sasse is a German psychologist whose research spans the areas of human–computer interaction and computer security. She is Horst Görtz Endowed Professor of Human-Centred Security at Ruhr University Bochum. and has a part-time position as Professor of Human-Centred Technology at University College London. Education and career Sasse did her undergraduate studies in psychology at the University of Wuppertal, and has a master's degree in occupational psychology from the University of Sheffield and a doctorate from the University of Birmingham. She joined University College London as a lecturer in 1990, and became Professor of Human-Centred Technology there in 2003. She founded the Research Institute in Science of Cyber Security (RISCS) in 2012. She moved to Ruhr University Bochum as Horst Görtz Endowed Professor of Human-Centred Security in 2018. Recognition Sasse was named a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2015, for "demonstrating the impact of huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Security Question
A security question is a form of shared secret used as an authenticator. It is commonly used by banks, cable companies and wireless providers as an extra security layer. History Financial institutions have used questions to authenticate customers since at least the early 20th century. In a 1906 speech at a meeting of a section of the American Bankers Association, Baltimore banker William M. Hayden described his institution's use of security questions as a supplement to customer signature records. He described the signature cards used in opening new accounts, which had spaces for the customer's birthplace, "residence," mother's maiden name, occupation and age. Hayden noted that some of these items were often left blank and that the "residence" information was used primarily to contact the customer, but the mother's maiden name was useful as a "strong test of identity." Although he observed that it was rare for someone outside the customer's family to try to withdraw money fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
