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Clitocybe Acromelalga
''Paralepistopsis acromelalga'' is a basidiomycete fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It was formerly classified as ''Clitocybe'' ''acromelalga''. Taxonomy It was first described in 1918 by the mycologist T. Ichimura and classified as ''Clitocybe'' ''acromelalga''. The '' Paralepistopsis'' genus was created in 2012 by the Italian mycologist Alfredo Vizzini to better classify two rare toxic species formerly located in the ''Clitocybe'' genus and this species was subsequently reclassified. Habitat and distribution It has been found in Japan, South Korea and Mexico Toxicity It was discovered to be poisonous in 1918, when symptoms of mushroom poisoning occurred within three days of consumption. It had been mistaken for the edible tawny funnel cap ('' Paralepista flaccida'' formerly ''Lepista flaccida''). Consumption of a related species, ''Paralepistopsis amoenolens'', from France has resulted in the same condition. That species is commonly known as the paralysis ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfredo Vizzini
Alfredo (, ) is a cognate of the Anglo-Saxons, Anglo-Saxon name Alfred (name), Alfred and a common Italian language, Italian, Galician language, Galician, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language personal name. Given name Artists and musicians * Aldo Sambrell (1931–2010), Spanish actor also known as Alfredo Sanchez Brell * Alfredo Armas Alfonzo (1921–1990), Venezuelan writer * Alfredo Bryce (born 1939), Peruvian writer * Alfredo Cardona Peña (1917–1995), Costa Rican journalist, writer, biographer, poet, and essayist * Alfredo Casella (1883–1947), Italian composer, pianist and conductor * Alfredo Casero (born 1962), Argentine musician, actor and comedian * Alfredo Castro (actor), Alfredo Castro (born 1955), Chilean actor * Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), Italian operatic composer * Alfredo Filippini (1924–2020), Italian sculptor, painter and illustrator * Alfredo Gil (1915–1999), Mexican singer * Alfredo Kraus (1927–1999), Spanish operatic tenor * Alf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiomycete
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and '' Cryptococcus'', the human pathogenic yeast. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate asexual reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricholomataceae
The Tricholomataceae are a large family of fungi within the order Agaricales. Originally a classic "wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Pluteaceae, or Entolomataceae. The name derives from the Greek ''trichos'' (τριχος) meaning hair and ''loma'' (λωμα) meaning fringe or border, although not all members display this feature. The name "Tricholomataceae" is seen as having validity in describing '' Tricholoma'' and other genera that form part of a monophyletic family including ''Tricholoma''. To that end, the International Botanical Congress has voted on two occasions (1988 and 2006) to conserve the name "Tricholomataceae" against competing names. This decision does not invalidate the use of segregate families from the Tricholomataceae, but simply validates the continued use of Tricholomataceae. Taxonomy Molecular ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Description
A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, typically articulated through a scientific publication. Its purpose is to provide a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have been previously described or related species. For a species to be considered valid, a species description must follow established guidelines and naming conventions dictated by relevant nomenclature codes. These include the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) for plants, and the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for viruses. A species description often includes photographs or other illustrations of type material and information regarding where this material is deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal scientific name. Some 1.9 million ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paralepistopsis
''Paralepistopsis'' is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. Taxonomy The ''Paralepistopsis'' genus was created in 2012 by the Italian mycologist Alfredo Vizzini to better classify two rare toxic species formerly located in the ''Clitocybe'' genus. ''Clitocybe amoenolens'' found in Morocco and parts of South Europe and C. acromelalga from Asia were noted to have habits more similar to '' Paralepista flaccida'' (formerly ''Lepista flaccida'') than to other ''Clitocybe'' species. Additionally the pileipellis and microscopic details of these species were distinct from others in the ''Clitocybe'' genus and related genera. Genetic sequencing placed these species close to '' Cleistocybe'' and '' Catathelasma'' genera. The most important distinction for mushroom hunters however is the presence of toxic acromelic acids in these species which can present dangers when foraging for similar looking edible species in these locations. Acromelic acid A is a potent neurotoxi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clitocybe
''Clitocybe'' is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus. ''Clitocybe'' means ''sloping head''. A few members of the genus are considered edible; many others are poisonous, containing the toxin muscarine among others. Distinguishing individual species of ''Clitocybe'' is generally prohibitively difficult to non-experts, requiring the analysis of microscopic characters. Therefore, with the exception of a few charismatic and readily identified members, ''Clitocybe'' mushrooms are rarely collected for consumption. Taxonomy ''Clitocybe'' was originally proposed by Elias Fries in 1821 as a tribe in the genus ''Agaricus''. Friedrich Staude elevated it to generic status in 1857. Recent molecular work has shown the genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom Poisoning
Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxicity, toxic substances. Signs and symptoms, Symptoms can vary from slight Gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus. Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a Mycotoxin, toxic mushroom as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general Morphology (biology), morphology of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. Some toxins, such as amatoxins, are Thermostability, thermostable and mushrooms containing such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paralepista Flaccida
''Paralepista flaccida'' (also called ''Clitocybe flaccida'', ''Clitocybe inversa'', ''Lepista flaccida'' and ''Lepista inversa'', or in English tawny funnel cap) is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings. Taxonomy The naming history of this mushroom is complicated by the fact that for a long time it was regarded as two different species, "''flaccida''" (associated with broad-leaved trees) and "''inversa''" (associated with conifers and with a smoother shinier cap). These forms can still be differentiated as varieties within ''P. flaccida'' if desired. The earliest description was by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as ''Agaricus inversus'' in his booFlora Carniolica then in 1799 James Sowerby created a description under the name ''Agaricus flaccidus'' in his major work " Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms". In later years there were defined the combinations ''Clitocybe flaccida'' (by Paul Kummer, 1871), ''Clitocybe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paralepistopsis Amoenolens
''Paralepistopsis amoenolens'' is an agaric fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It is commonly known as the paralysis funnel. Taxonomy It was first Species description, described in 1975 by the French mycologist Georges Jean Louis Malençon from a specimen found in Morocco and classified as ''Clitocybe amoenolens.'' In 2012, following DNA analysis, Vizzini and Ercole assigned this species to the new genus ''Paralepistopsis'', which forms a separate clade from other ''Clitocybe''s.See . The authors provide a phylogram which indicates the evidence that ''Paralepistopsis'' forms a separate clade. This change has been accepted by Index Fungorum and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and so the correct name is currently ''Paralepistopsis amoenolens''. Toxicity It was discovered to be poisonous after several people had consumed specimens all found in the alpine Maurienne valley in the Savoie departments of France, department over three years. They had mistaken it fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acromelic Acid A
Acromelic acid A (ACRO A) is a toxic compound that is part of a group known as kainoids, characterized by a structure bearing a pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acid, represented by kainic acid. Acromelic acid A has the molecular formula . It has been isolated from a Japanese poisonous mushroom, ''Clitocybe acromelalga''. Acromelic acid is responsible for the poisonous aspects of the mushroom because of its potent neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic properties. Ingestion of the Clitocybe acromelalga, causes allodynia which can continue for over a month. The systemic administration of acromelic acid A in rats results in selective loss of interneurons in the lower spinal cord, without causing neuronal damage in the hippocampus and other regions. Structure and isoforms Acromelic acids represent a group of compounds found in various forms. Five distinct molecules have been identified, including two isoforms designated acromelic acid A and B. Acromelic acid C-E are recognized toxic analogs. Acro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nervous tissue, nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insult (medical), insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue.Olney 2002 The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contacted, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems. Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), glutamate,Choi 1987 nitric oxide, botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), tetanus toxin,Simpson 1986 and tetrodotoxin. Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive concentrations. Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
