|
Clark-Darlan Accords
The Clark-Darlan Accords (''Accords Clark-Darlan'') was a political agreement signed between the United States and François Darlan on November 22, 1942, to outline the terms of cooperation between the United States and Darlan's forces in the French Colonial Empire. These agreements granted significant control over the French colonial empire in Africa to the United States. Charles de Gaulle opposed the agreements, viewing them as an infringement on French sovereignty. Background On November 10, 1942, François Darlan issued a ceasefire order and declared that he would exercise authority in French North Africa on behalf of Philippe Pétain, whom he described as "prevented" from governing. Though repeatedly condemned by the Vichy regime, Darlan continued to claim he governed on Pétain's behalf, asserting that the Marshal was "morally imprisoned." The United States regarded French Africa as a strategic region in the fight against the Third Reich. They also sought to enhance their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French North Africa
French North Africa (, sometimes abbreviated to ANF) is a term often applied to the three territories that were controlled by France in the North African Maghreb during the colonial era, namely Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In contrast to French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa which existed as federations of French colonies and administrative entities in their own right, French North Africa was never more than a term of convenience to refer to the three separately governed territories under different forms of colonial regime. History In the 19th century, the decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, which had loosely controlled the area since the 16th century, left the region vulnerable to other forces. In 1830, French troops captured Algiers and from 1848 until independence in 1962, France treated Algeria as an integral part of France, the ''Métropole'' or metropolitan France. In subsequent decades, a substantial European settler population emerged in Algeri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free France
Free France () was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third French Republic, Third Republic during World War II. Led by General , Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France to Nazi Germany. It joined the Allies of World War II, Allied nations in fighting Axis powers, Axis forces with the Free French Forces (), supported the French Resistance, resistance in German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi-occupied France, known as the French Forces of the Interior, and gained strategic footholds in several French colonial empire, French colonies in Africa. Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain led efforts to Armistice of 22 June 1940, negotiate an armistice and established a German puppet state known as Vichy France. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Brit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of France
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of treat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The United States
This is a list of treaties to which the United States has been a party or which have had direct relevance to U.S. history. Pre-Revolutionary War treaties Before the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the leaders of various North American colonies negotiated treaties that affected the territory of what would later become the United States. * 1621 – Wampanoag Treaty * 1638 – Treaty of Hartford * 1646 – Treaty of 1646 * 1677 – Treaty of 1677 * 1701 – Nanfan Treaty * 1722 – Great Treaty of 1722 * 1726 – Deed in Trust from Three of the Five Nations of Indians to the Chancellor * 1744 – Treaty of Lancaster * 1752 – Treaty of Logstown * 1754 – Treaty of Albany * 1758 – Treaty of Easton * 1760 – Treaty of Pittsburgh * 1763 – Treaty of Paris * 1768 – Treaty of Hard Labour * 1768 – Treaty of Fort Stanwix * 1770 – Treaty of Lochaber * 1774 – Treaty of Camp Leona U.S. international t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thierry D'Argenlieu
Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (), in religion Father Louis of the Trinity, OCD (7 August 1889 – 7 September 1964), was a Discalced Carmelite friar and priest, who was also a diplomat and French Navy officer and admiral; he became a major personality of the '' Forces navales françaises libres''. He was the chancellor of the ''Ordre de la Libération''. Early career He was born in Brest on 7 August 1889, in a family of Navy officers. He joined the ''École navale'' (Naval Academy) at 17. D'Argenlieu served on the ''Du Chayla'' as a midshipman, taking part in the campaign in Morocco, which led to the Treaty of Fez, in 1912. During the campaign, he was awarded the Legion of Honour, and befriended Hubert Lyautey, something that d'Argenlieu later recalled as one of the happy memories in his life. First World War During the First World War, d'Argenlieu served in the Mediterranean; in 1915, while on leave in Malta, he became a member of the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American general who served as a top commander during World War II and the Korean War, achieving the rank of General of the Army (United States), General of the Army. He served with distinction in World War I; as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, chief of staff of the United States Army from 1930 to 1935; as Supreme Commander, South West Pacific Area, Southwest Pacific Area, from 1942 to 1945 during WWII; as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers overseeing the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951; and as head of the United Nations Command in the Korean War from 1950 to 1951. MacArthur was nominated for the Medal of Honor three times, and awarded it for his WWII service in the Philippines. He is one of only five people to hold the rank of General of the Army, and the only person to hold the rank of Field Marshal (Philippines), Field Marshal in the Philippine Army. MacArthur, the son of Medal of Honor recipient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberation Of France
The liberation of France () in the Second World War was accomplished through diplomacy, politics and the combined military efforts of the Allied Powers, Free French forces in London and Africa, as well as the French Resistance. Nazi Germany invaded France in May 1940. Their rapid advance through the almost undefended Ardennes caused a crisis in the French government; the French Third Republic dissolved itself in July, and handed over absolute power to Marshal Philippe Pétain, an elderly hero of World War I. Pétain signed an armistice with Germany with the north and west of France under German military occupation. Pétain, charged with calling a Constitutional Authority, instead established an authoritarian government in the spa town of Vichy, in the southern ''zone libre'' ("free zone"). Though nominally independent, Vichy France became a collaborationist regime and was little more than a Nazi client state that actively participated in Jewish deportations and aided German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Army Military Government In France
The United States Army Military Government in France (in French: ''gouvernement militaire de l'armée des États-Unis en France'', and in English: Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories or ''AMGOT''), was an organization jointly created by the United States and the United Kingdom to administer France after the Liberation. This project was thwarted by the Provisional Government of the French Republic led by Charles de Gaulle. Context The Italian Precedent The Second World War caused the collapse of several European governments. From the moment they joined the war, the United States initiated plans for military administrations in fallen nations. AMGOT was deployed at the end of the war in Italy, under the leadership of Harold Alexander. Aborted Plan for the Dismemberment of France President Roosevelt and his administration drafted several plans to reshape European politics after the war. Roosevelt proposed to Anthony Eden the creation of a new state called Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Philip
André Philip (28 June 1902 – 5 July 1970) was a French politician of the SFIO who served in 1942 as Interior Minister under the Free French provisional government of General Charles de Gaulle. He also served as a finance minister in 1946 and part of 1947 in the Socialist-led governments of Felix Gouin, Leon Blum and Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier (17 March 1888 – 14 October 1961) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France in 1947. Biography The son of a psychiatrist, Ramadier graduated in law from the University of Toulouse and started his profess .... References External links * 1902 births 1970 deaths People from Pont-Saint-Esprit French Calvinist and Reformed Christians French Section of the Workers' International politicians Autonomous Socialist Party (France) politicians Unified Socialist Party (France) politicians Finance ministers of France French interior ministers Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Baptiste Duroselle
Jean-Baptiste Duroselle (17 November 1917, Paris – 12 September 1994, Arradon) was a French historian and professor. He had initially considered an army career or study of geography, but his poor skills in mathematics and drawing led him to turn to historical study. Pierre Renouvin's course fascinated him, and he became his assistant in 1945. He went on to teach at University of Saarbrücken from 1950 to 1957 and returned to the Sorbonne afterward. Between 1977 and 1979, he was visiting professor of the history of international relations at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. Duroselle's writings include ''La Decadence'' (1980), ''L'Abime'' (1985), and others. Duroselle was elected to the American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annie Lacroix-Riz
Annie Lacroix-Riz (born 1947) is a French academic Marxist historian specializing in France's relations with Germany and the United States from the 1930s to the 1950s, as well as World War II collaboration. A former student of the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles and a pupil of Pierre Vilar, she is a professor emeritus of contemporary history at the Paris Diderot University, now part of Paris Cité University. Lacroix-Riz is a founding member of the Pole of Communist Revival in France (PRCF), established in 2004. Work Her interests are the political, economic and social history of the French Third Republic and Vichy Government, the relations between the Vatican and the Reich as well as the strategies of the French elites before and after the Second World War. In her early works examining post-war reconstruction of France, Lacroix-Riz studied labor union tensions, investigating issues within the General Confederation of Labour (French: Confédération Généra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
