Civic Workers' Party
The Civic Workers' Party or Civic Labour Party (german: Bürgerliche Arbeitspartei) was a minor political party active in the early phase of the First Austrian Republic. It was led by former imperial foreign minister of Austria-Hungary, Ottokar Czernin. History The only parliamentary election contested by the party was in 1920, when the party was part of the Democratic Parties alliance alongside the Democrats and the Burgenland Citizens' and Farmers' Party. The alliance won one seat, taken by Czernin of the Civic Workers' Party. Among the party's candidates were a number of women's rights activists, including Elise Richter Elise Richter (2 March 1865 – 23 June 1943) was an Austrian philologist, specialising in Romance studies, and university professor. She was the first woman to achieve the habilitation at the University of Vienna, the first female associate pro ..., Marianne Hainisch and Helene Granitsch. After Czernin's retirement from politics in 1923, the party merged ...
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Political Party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ideological or policy goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. It is extremely rare for a country to have Non-partisan democracy, no political parties. Some countries have Single-party state, only one political party while others have Multi-party system, several. Parties are important in the politics of autocracies as well as democracies, though usually democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that governs the country, and some political scientists consider competition between two or more parties to be an essential part of democracy. Part ...
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First Austrian Republic
The First Austrian Republic (german: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria based upon a dictatorship of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland's Front in 1934. The Republic's constitution was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929. The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934. Foundation In September 1919, the rump state of German-Austria– now effectively reduced to the Alpine and Danubian crownlands of the Austrian Empire – was given reduced borders by the Treaty of Saint Germain, which ceded German-po ...
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after its defeat in the First World War. Austria-Hungary was ruled by the House of Habsburg and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy. It was a multinational state and one of Europe's major powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry in the world, after the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Austria-Hungary also became the world's third-largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances, e ...
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Ottokar Czernin
Ottokar Theobald Otto Maria ''Graf'' Czernin von und zu Chudenitz ( cs, Otakar Theobald Otto Maria hrabě Černín z Chudenic; 26 September 1872 – 4 April 1932) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat and politician during the time of World War I, notably serving as Foreign Minister from 1916 to 1918. Life and career Family Czernin was born in Dymokury (german: Dimokur) into an ancient Bohemian noble family (the Czernin family). In 1897, he married Marie ''née'' Gräfin Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (1878–1945) in Heřmanův Městec (german: Hermannstädtel). His younger brother Otto was also a diplomat and served ''inter alia'' as envoy to Sofia during World War I. Early career After studying law at the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, he joined the Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1895 and was dispatched to the embassy in Paris. In 1899, he was sent to The Hague, but only three years later he had to resign as a result of a lung infection and retired to his Bo ...
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1920 Austrian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Austria on 17 October 1920, although they were not held in Carinthia until 19 June 1921 and in Burgenland until 18 June 1922. They were the first regular elections held after a permanent constitution was promulgated two weeks earlier. The result was a victory for the Christian Social Party, which won 85 of the 183 seats. Voter turnout was 80%.Nohlen, p212 Results References Austria Legislative Elections in Austria Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral systems and political development, he has published several books.About the contributors
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Bibliography

Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook'' (1999 with Michael Krennerich and Bernhard Thibaut) *''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook'' (2001 with and Christof Hartmann) ** ''Volume 2: South East Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific'' (2002), *''Vo ...
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Elise Richter
Elise Richter (2 March 1865 – 23 June 1943) was an Austrian philologist, specialising in Romance studies, and university professor. She was the first woman to achieve the habilitation at the University of Vienna, the first female associate professor and the only woman at any Austrian university before World War I to hold an academic appointment. Persecuted by Nazi officials during World War II, she was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in German-occupied Czechoslovakia in October 1942, and died there in June 1943. Life Born in Vienna, Austria, on 2 March 1865, to a middle-class, non-practicing Jewish family, Elise Richter was the daughter of Emilie Richter and Maximilian Richter, the chief physician of the Austrian Southern Railway Company. Her sister Helene Richter, four years older than Elise, became known as an anglicist and theatre scholar, writing about and translating English literature and drama. Elise Richter developed rheumatoid arthritis as a youn ...
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Marianne Hainisch
Marianne Hainisch, born Marianne Perger (25 March 1839 – 5 May 1936) was the founder and leader of the Austrian women's movement. She was also the mother of Michael Hainisch, the second President of Austria (1920–1928). Life Marianne Perger was born in 1839 in Baden near Vienna in Austria. Her mother employed tutors to help her teach Marianne and her siblings. Her father Josef Perger owned factories in Hirtenberg. In 1857 Marianne married the industrialist Michael Hainisch (owner of a spinning factory in Aue) with whom she had two children (Michael, 1858, and Maria, 1860). In 1868 the family moved to Vienna. During the American Civil War (1861–65), the business was in crisis, as cotton wool could no longer be sourced from the United States. In the late 1860s, a transformative experience for Marianne was the difficulty a friend of hers had in obtaining work to support her family after her husband had fallen ill. Despite her friend's best efforts (she spoke several langua ...
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Helene Granitsch
Helene or Hélène may refer to: People *Helene (given name), a Greek feminine given name *Helen of Troy, the daughter of Zeus and Leda *Helene, a figure in Greek mythology who was a friend of Aphrodite and helped her seduce Adonis *Helene (Amazon), a daughter of Tityrus and an Amazons, Amazon who fought Achilles and died after he seriously wounded her *Helene, the consort of Simon Magus in ''Adversus Haereses'' * Hélène (given name), a feminine given name, the French version of Helen *Hélène (singer), Hélène Rollès Astronomy *Helene (moon), a moon of Saturn Books and film * Hélène (drama), ''Hélène'' (drama), an 1891 play by Paul Delair * ''Helene'', English edition of German novel by Vicki Baum * Hélène (film), ''Hélène'' (film), a 1936 French drama film, based on the novel by Baum Music * Hélène (opera), ''Hélène'' (opera), an opera by Camille Saint-Saëns 1904 *Polka Hélène in D minor for piano 4 hands by Borodin * Hélène (album), ''Hélène'' (album), ...
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1923 Austrian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Austria on 21 October 1923. The result was a victory for the Christian Social Party, which won 82 of the 165 seats. Voter turnout was 87.0%.Nohlen & Stöver, p212 Results References Elections in Austria Austria Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Defunct Political Parties In Austria
Defunct (no longer in use or active) may refer to: * ''Defunct'' (video game), 2014 * Zombie process or defunct process, in Unix-like operating systems See also * * :Former entities * End-of-life product * Obsolescence Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer maintained or required even though it may still be in good working order. It usually happens when something that is more efficient or less risky r ...