|
Circulation (UK Duo)
Circulation may refer to: Science and technology * Atmospheric circulation, the large-scale movement of air * Circulation (physics), the path integral of the fluid velocity around a closed curve in a fluid flow field * Circulatory system, a biological organ system whose primary function is to move substances to and from cells * Circulation problem, a generalization of network flow problems * Circulation (architecture), the flow of people through a building * Circulation (currency), all currency held by consumers and businesses, but not by financial institutions and governments * Exhaust gas recirculation, a nitrogen oxide reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines * Library circulation, the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library * Ocean circulation, the large-scale movement of water * Rhetorical circulation, the ways that texts and discourses move through time and space Other uses * Print circulation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atmospheric Circulation
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of Atmosphere of Earth, air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The smaller-scale weather systems – middle latitudes, mid-latitude low-pressure area, depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur chaotically, and long-range weather predictions of those cannot be made beyond ten days in practice, or a month in theory (see chaos theory and the butterfly effect). The Earth's weather is a consequence of its illumination by the Sun and the laws of thermodynamics. The atmospheric circulation can be viewed as a heat engine driven by the Sun's energy and whose heat sink, energy sink, ultimately, is the blackness of space. The work produced by that engine causes the motion of the masses of air, and in that process ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulation (physics)
In physics, circulation is the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve embedded in the field. In fluid dynamics, the field is the fluid velocity field. In electrodynamics, it can be the electric or the magnetic field. In aerodynamics, it finds applications in the calculation of lift, for which circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester, Ludwig Prandtl, Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky. It is usually denoted (uppercase gamma). Definition and properties If is a vector field and is a vector representing the differential length of a small element of a defined curve, the contribution of that differential length to circulation is : \mathrm\Gamma = \mathbf \cdot \mathrm\mathbf = \left, \mathbf\ \left, \mathrm\mathbf\ \cos \theta. Here, is the angle between the vectors and . The circulation of a vector field around a closed curve is the line integral: \Gamma = \oint_\mathbf \cdot \mathrm d \mathbf. In a conservative vector field ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulatory System
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek meaning ''heart'', and Latin meaning ''vessels''). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms ''cardiovascular system'' and ''vascular system'' interchangeably with ''circulatory system''. The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Many invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system with a he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulation Problem
The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow. Definition Given flow network G(V,E) with: :l(v,w), lower bound on flow from node v to node w, :u(v,w), upper bound on flow from node v to node w, :c(v,w), cost of a unit of flow on (v,w) and the constraints: :l(v,w) \leq f(v,w) \leq u(v,w), :\sum_ f(u,w) = 0 (flow cannot appear or disappear in nodes). Finding a flow assignment satisfying the constraints gives a solution to the given circulation problem. In the minimum cost variant of the problem, minimize : \sum_ c(v,w) \cdot f(v,w). Multi-commodity circulation In a multi-commodity circulation problem, you also need to keep track of the flow of the individual co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulation (architecture)
In architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ..., circulation refers to the way people move through and interact with a building.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/118392/circulation "circulation (architecture)" in Britannica Online Encyclopedia In public buildings, circulation is of high importance; Structures such as elevators, escalators, and staircases are often referred to as circulation elements, as they are positioned and designed to optimize the flow of people through a building, sometimes through the use of a core. In some situations, one-way circulation is desirable. References Architectural design {{Architecturalelement-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulation (currency)
In monetary economics, the currency in circulation in a country is the value of currency or cash (banknotes and coins) that has ever been issued by the country’s monetary authority less the amount that has been removed. More broadly, money in circulation is the total money supply of a country, which can be defined in various ways, but always includes currency and also some types of bank deposits, such as deposits at call. The published amount of currency in circulation tends to be overstated by an unknown amount. For example, money may have been destroyed, or stored as a form of security (the proverbial “money under the mattress”), or by coin collectors, or held in reserve within the banking system, including currency held by foreign central banks as a foreign exchange reserve asset. Domestic demand for currency The currency in circulation in a country is based on the need or demand for cash in the community. The monetary authority of each country (or currency zone) i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exhaust Gas Recirculation
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide () emissions reduction technique used in petrol engine, petrol/gasoline, diesel engines and some hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle, hydrogen engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinder (engine), cylinders. The exhaust gas displaces atmospheric air and reduces in the combustion chamber. Reducing the amount of oxygen reduces the amount of fuel that can burn in the cylinder thereby reducing peak in-cylinder temperatures. The actual amount of recirculated exhaust gas varies with the engine operating parameters. In the combustion cylinder, is produced by high-temperature mixtures of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen, and this usually occurs at cylinder peak pressure. In a spark-ignition engine, an ancillary benefit of recirculating exhaust gases via an external EGR valve is an increase in efficiency, as charge dilution allows a large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Library Circulation
Library circulation or library lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library. A circulation or lending department is one of the key departments of a library. The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans desk, usually found near the main entrance of a library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians at the library reference desk, but the services of both are occasionally combined. The circulation desk is in most cases staffed by library support staff instead of professional librarians. Functions of circulation desk staff *Lending materials to library users *Checking in materials returned *Monitoring materials for damage and routing them ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ocean Circulation
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents move both horizontally, on scales that can span entire oceans, as well as vertically, with vertical currents (upwelling and downwelling) playing an important role in the movement of nutrients and gases, such as carbon dioxide, between the surface and the deep ocean. Ocean currents flow for great distances and together they create the global conveyor belt, which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of Earth's regions. More specifically, ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel. For example, warm currents traveling along more temperate coasts increase the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhetorical Circulation
Rhetorical circulation is a concept referring to the ways that texts and discourses move through time and space. The concept seems to have been applied to texts sometime in the mid-1800s, and it is considered, by most scholars, to be either subordinate to or synonymous with the canon of rhetorical delivery, or pronuntiatio. It is something like newspaper circulation and magazine circulation in that it can involve print media, but it is not limited to these. In fact, any kind of media can circulate. Books can be loaned; Internet memes can be shared; speeches can be overheard; YouTube videos can be embedded in web pages. Some scholars have argued that speed, reach, and the materiality of texts and circuits are intrinsic to the ethics of circulation. Creation of publics Social theorist Michael Warner has suggested that rhetorical circulation creates audiences he calls 'publics'. According to Warner, a public is, in one sense, a "concrete audience". Any text that is created to addr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Print Circulation
Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. The number of copies of a non-periodical publication (such as a book) are usually called print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person. Concept Print circulation is a good proxy measure of print readership and is thus one of the principal factors used to set print advertising rates (prices). In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as ''Mondo Times'', but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves. World newspapers wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulation Festival
Circulation may refer to: Science and technology * Atmospheric circulation, the large-scale movement of air * Circulation (physics), the path integral of the fluid velocity around a closed curve in a fluid flow field * Circulatory system, a biological organ system whose primary function is to move substances to and from cells * Circulation problem, a generalization of network flow problems * Circulation (architecture), the flow of people through a building * Circulation (currency), all currency held by consumers and businesses, but not by financial institutions and governments * Exhaust gas recirculation, a nitrogen oxide reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines * Library circulation, the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library * Ocean circulation, the large-scale movement of water * Rhetorical circulation, the ways that texts and discourses move through time and space Other uses * Print circulation P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
