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Chalcedectidae
Chalcedectidae is a small family of chalcid wasps, previously classified as part of the subfamily Cleonyminae, in the polyphyletic family Pteromalidae. Most species are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles. Astrid Cruaud and coworkers found that ''Chalcedectus'' (the only genus in the family) falls in what they called the "weird clade",Cruaud, A., Rasplus, J. Y., Zhang, J., Burks, R., Delvare, G., Fusu, L., ... & Heraty, J. M. (2022). The Chalcidoidea bush of life–a massive radiation blurred by mutational saturation. bioRxiv, 2022-09DOI but these wasps look very different from their closest relatives, the Pelecinellidae. This, along with the long time since the divergence, supports the treatment of the genus as a separate family Chalcedectidae. In fact, in his 1852 paper on chalcid wasps,Walker, Francis (1852) Notes on Chalcidites, and Descriptions of various new species. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology (Second Series) 10. 47-48BHL/ref> wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalcid Wasp
Chalcid wasps (, , for their metallic colour) are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily. Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids of other insects, though other life styles are known, with the herbivorous fig wasps acting as pollinators. Various species are used as biological pest control agents or in scientific research. Description Chalcidoids are generally small wasps, averaging 1.5 mm in length and usually being less than 3 mm. The body is often metallic in colour. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned more with ecology than with syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteromalidae
The Pteromalidae are a very large family of mostly parasitoid wasps, with some 3,450 described species in about 640 genera (the number was greater, but many species and genera have been reduced by synonymy in recent years). The subfamily-level divisions of the family are highly contentious and unstable, and the family is thought to be "artificial", composed of numerous, distantly related groups (polyphyletic). Accordingly, details of their life histories range over nearly the entire range possible within the Chalcidoidea, though the majority are (as with most chalcidoids) parasitoids of other insects. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and many are important as biological control agents. The oldest known fossil is known from the Early Cretaceous. In essence, a "pteromalid" is any member of the Chalcidoidea that has five-segmented tarsi and does not have the defining features of any of the remaining families with five-segmented tarsi. It is highly proba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to Paralysis, paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids Behavior-altering parasite, influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of Taxon, taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelecinellidae
Pelecinellidae is a small family of chalcidoid wasps, formerly treated as the subfamily Leptofoeninae within Pteromalidae. They, like many small chalcidoids, are brilliantly metallic. The subfamily contains three genera, '' Nefoenus'', '' Doddifoenus'' (with four species) and ''Leptofoenus'' (with five extant species). The species '' Doddifoenus wallacei'' is the largest known chalcidoid wasp, reaching nearly in length (including ovipositor).Krogmann, L., Burks, R.A. (2009) ''Doddifoenus wallacei'', a new giant parasitoid wasp of the subfamily Leptofoeninae (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae), with a description of its mesosomal skeletal anatomy and a molecular characterization. Zootaxa 2194: 21-36. The first pelecinellid species known from the fossil record, ''Leptofoenus pittfieldae'', was described in 2009 by Michael S. Engel from a specimen discovered in Dominican amber Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic derived from resin of the extinct tree ''Hymenaea proter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker (31 July 1809 – 5 October 1874) was an English entomologist. He was born in Southgate, London, on 31 July 1809 and died at Wanstead, England on 5 October 1874. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred controversy during his later life as his publications resulted in a huge number of junior synonyms. However, his assiduous work on the collections of the British Museum had great significance. Between June 1848 and late 1873 Walker was contracted by John Edward Gray Director of the British Museum to catalogue their insects (except Coleoptera) that is Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Walker largely accomplished this and (Edwards, 1870) wrote of the plan and by implication those who implemented it “It is to him raythat the Public owe the admirable helps to the study of natural history which have been afforded by the series of inventories, guides, and nomenclatures, the publication of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The group is apparently polyphyletic, though the different subfamilies may each be monophyletic, and may be elevated to family status in the near future. As presently defined, there are over 905 described species in 45 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids, commonly on beetle larvae, though many other hosts are attacked, including spiders, and details of the life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs and others are hyperparasites). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats. They are somewhat variable in appearance, though a fair number of species are relatively easy to separate from other Chalcidoidea by the possession of a medially concave mesonotum. They also have the unusual tendency to arch the body strongly upwards when dead, with the head and metasoma often nearly touching above the thorax. Genera *'' Anastatus'' *'' Arachnophaga'' *'' Archaeopel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lyciscidae
Lyciscidae is a family of chalcid wasps. The genera comprising this family were previously placed in the Cleonyminae subfamily of a paraphyletic Pteromalidae. Description and biology Many species have metallic green, blue and bronze colours, and stout hind legs and fore legs. The females of most species have a tapered abdomen and a long ovipositor suited to accessing hosts concealed in wood; they are often encountered on trunks or branches of trees. Many are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles of the families Buprestidae (jewel beetles), Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles), and Curculionidae (weevils). However, some '' Agamerion'' species are parasitoids of cockroach egg masses, ''Epistenia'' species parasitize twig-nesting aculate wasps and bees, and '' Marxiana grandiosa'' is a hyperparasite of braconid wasps (which are, in turn, parasitoids of wood-boring beetles).Gibson, G.A., 2003. Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Associa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perilampidae
The Perilampidae are a small family within the Chalcidoidea, composed mostly of hyperparasitoids. The family is closely related to the Eucharitidae, and the eucharitids appear to have evolved from within the Perilampidae, thus rendering the family paraphyletic (if the two families are joined in the future, the name with precedence is Eucharitidae). As presently defined, at least 15 genera and 270 species are described worldwide. They are often brilliantly metallic (especially blue or green), with robust mesosomae and a small, triangular metasomae (swollen and bulbous in the Philomidinae). They are generally very strongly sculptured. The prothorax is typically very broad and disc-like, and the labrum is multidigitate, a feature shared with the Eucharitidae. Another feature shared by the Eucharitidae and Perilampidae is the first-instar larvae are called " planidia" and are responsible for gaining access to the host, rather than the egg-laying females. Those species which are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurytomidae
The Eurytomidae are a family within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Unlike most chalcidoids, the larvae of many are phytophagous (feeding in stems, seeds, or galls), while others are more typical parasitoids, though even then the hosts are usually found within plant tissues. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and a few are considered pests. They tend to be dull and not metallic, and heavily punctured, with very thick, collar-like pronota. Taxa , Eurytomid genera include: Buresiinae Lotfalizadeh et al, 2007 * '' Buresium'' * '' Macrorileya'' Eurytominae * '' Aiolomorphus'' * '' Aranedra'' * '' Austrodecatoma'' * '' Ausystole'' * '' Axanthosoma'' * '' Axanthosomella'' * ''Axima'' * '' Aximopsis'' * '' Banyoma'' * '' Bephrata'' * '' Bephratelloides'' * '' Bephratoides'' * '' Bruchodape'' * '' Bruchophagus'' * '' Burksoma'' * '' Camponotophilus'' * '' Cathilaria'' * '' Chryseida'' * '' Chryseurytoma'' * '' Endobia'' * '' Eudoxi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
