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Central And South New Guinea Languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed language family, family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross (linguist), Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families. * Central and South New Guinea (Asmat–Ok) ** Asmat–Kamoro languages, Asmat–Kamoro family [a recent expansion along the south coast] ** Greater Awyu languages, Greater Awyu family ** Mom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans-Fly Languages
The Trans-Fly languages are a small family of Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply ... proposed by Timothy Usher, that are spoken in the region of the Fly River.The family is called 'East Trans-Fly' in Usher, an unfortunate synonym with what others call the Eastern Trans-Fly family, which constitutes one of its branches. Languages ;Trans-Fly * Eastern Trans-Fly (Oriomo Plateau) * Pahoturi (Paho River) *'' Waia'' (Tabo) Typology The inclusive vs. exclusive first-person pronoun distinction is found in the Pahoturi River and Oriomo families, as well as in the Western Torres Strait language, but not in other languages of Southern New Guinea. See also * Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages References {{language families Languages of Papua New Gui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, a sovereign state in Oceania, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. According to ''Ethnologue'', there are 839 living languages spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (languages, not dialects)." Most of these are classified as indigenous Papuan languages, which form a diverse sprachbund across the island of New Guinea. There are also many Austronesian languages spoken in Papua New Guinea, most of which are classified as Western Oceanic languages, as well as some Admiralty Islands languages and Polynesian Ellicean–Outlier languages in a few outer islands. Since the late 19th century, West Germanic languages — namely English and German — have also been spoken and adapted into creoles such as Tok Pisin, Torres Strait Creole and Unserdeutsch. Languages with statutory recognition are Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu, and Papua New Guinean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Indonesia
Indonesia is home to over 700 living languages spoken across its extensive archipelago. This significant linguistic variety constitutes approximately 10% of the world’s total languages, positioning Indonesia as the second most linguistically diverse nation globally, following Papua New Guinea. The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese language, Acehnese, Sundanese language, Sundanese, and Buginese language, Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Western New Guinea, Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese language, Javanese, primarily by the Javanese people in the Central Java, central and East Java, eastern parts of Java Island, as well as across m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central And South New Guinea Languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed language family, family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross (linguist), Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families. * Central and South New Guinea (Asmat–Ok) ** Asmat–Kamoro languages, Asmat–Kamoro family [a recent expansion along the south coast] ** Greater Awyu languages, Greater Awyu family ** Mom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central West New Guinea Languages
The Central West New Guinea languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies. Languages The languages are as follows: * Awyu–Ok ** Digul River (Greater Awyu) ** Kamula–Elevala ** Ok * Momuna–Mek ** Mek ** Momuna (Somahai) Voorhoeve (1975) noted a connection between Somahai and the Ok and Dumut languages, but did not consider Mek. (See Central and South New Guinea languages The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed language family, family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine familie ....) The Oksapmin language is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both). Proto-Anim is reconstructed with similar prono ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Momuna Languages
Momuna (Momina), also known as Somahai (Somage, Sumohai), is a Papuan language spoken in Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua and Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. Varieties Reimer notes two dialects, one on the Balim River and one on the Rekai. One of the differences is that when /u/ follows an /u/ or /o/ in the Balim dialect, it is /i/ in the Rekai dialect. Thus the ethnonym 'Momuna' is pronounced 'Momina' in Rekai dialect. Classification The Somahai pronouns, singular *na, *ka, *mo, are typical of Trans–New Guinea languages. They were placed in the Central and South New Guinea branch of that family by Wurm. Ross could not locate enough evidence to classify them. Usher found them to be closest to the Mek languages The Mek languages are a well established language family, family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek people and Yali people. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malc ..., in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Strickland Languages
The East Strickland or Strickland River languages are a family of Papuan languages. Languages The East Strickland languages actually form a language continuum. Shaw (1986) recognizes six languages, which are: *Upper: Fembe (Agala), Konai * Odoodee (Tomu) *Central/Middle: Gobasi (Nomad), Kubo, Samo Samo (–) was the founder and sole ruler of the first recorded political union of Slavs, Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire ("realm", "kingdom", or "tribal union"), ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to Fredegarius, the only ... (Daba) Gobasi, Odoodee and Samo, but especially Gobasi, are also known as "Nomad". Pronouns Pronouns are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970), Shaw (1973), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ''ulugib'', ''ulukib'', ''ulʌkib'' for “head”) or not (e.g. ''dob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duna–Pogaya Languages
The Duna–Pogaya (Duna–Bogaia) languages are a proposed small family of Trans–New Guinea languages Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive Language family, family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as Western New Guinea, parts of Indone ... in the classification of Voorhoeve (1975), Ross (2005) and Usher (2018), consisting of two languages, Duna and Bogaya, which in turn form a branch of the larger Trans–New Guinea family. ''Glottolog'', which is based largely on Usher, however finds the connections between the two languages to be tenuous, and the connection to TNG unconvincing. Language contact Duna has had significant influence on Bogaya due to the socioeconomic dominance of Duna speakers over the less populous, less influential Bogaya speakers. Duna also has much more influence from Huli (a widely spoken Trans-New Guinea language) at 27–32 percent lex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bosavi Languages
The Bosavi or Papuan Plateau languages belong to the Trans-New Guinea language family according to the classifications made by Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher. This language family derives its name from Mount Bosavi and the Papuan Plateau. Geographically, the Bosavi languages are situated to the east and south of the East Strickland group. They can be found around Mount Bosavi, located east of the Strickland River and southwest of the western edge of the central highlands of Papua New Guinea. Although no extensive subgrouping analysis has been conducted, Shaw's lexicostatistical study in 1986 provides some insights. Based on this study, it is indicated that Kaluli and Sonia exhibit a significant lexical similarity of 70%, which is higher than any other languages compared. Therefore, it is likely that these two languages form a subgroup. Similarly, Etoro and Bedamini share a subgroup with a lexical similarity of 67%. The languages Aimele, Kasua, Onobasulu, and Kaluli-Sunia e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finisterre–Huon Languages
The Finisterre–Huon languages comprise the largest family within the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. They were part of the original TNG proposal, and William A. Foley considers their TNG identity to be established. The languages share a small closed class of verbs taking pronominal object prefixes some of which are cognate (Suter 2012), strong morphological evidence that they are related. History of classification Huon and Finisterre, and then the connection between them, were identified by Kenneth McElhanon (1967, 1970). When McElhanon compared notes with his colleague Clemens Voorhoeve, who was working on the languages of southern Irian Jaya, they developed the concept of Trans–New Guinea. Apart from the evidence which unites them, the Finisterre and Huon families are clearly valid language families A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
