|
Census In The Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans, rulers of Ottoman Empire, did develop a reasonably efficient system for counting the empire's population only a quarter century after census procedures were introduced in the United States of America , Great Britain , and France. Four general censuses were held in the Ottoman Empire. These were 1831 census, 1881–82 census, 1905–06 census, and 1914 census. There were many special census, which Istanbul (Capital) is well known. There is considerable evidence that the census was taken throughout the empire, but it was accomplished under such severe difficulties that its results must be considered no more than estimates. The census takers were untrained and mostly unsupervised. Types General Census Sultan Mahmut II recorded the first general census as part of his effort to create a new army ( Nizam-ı Cedid Army) and bureaucracy, a period known as Nizam-ı Cedid, following the destruction of the Janissary Corps, known as Auspicious Incident, in 1826. The f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1831 Census Of The Ottoman Empire
1831 census of the Ottoman Empire was the first available population information in the West. The Europeans estimates before this census, some of whom, such as William Eton, David Urquhart, Georg HasselGeorg Hassel 1805 Statischer Umriss der Sämtlichen europäischen, Braunschweig was based on their personal assumptions which in these publications claimed to be gathered from Ottoman court. The "first" modern Ottoman census was conducted beginning in 1828/29 in both Europe and Anatolia. It was required after the Auspicious Incident The Auspicious Incident or Auspicious EventGoodwin, pp. 296–299. ( in Constantinople; , "Event of Malignity" in the Balkans) was the forced disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary Corps by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826.Kinross, ... in 1826. Many of the old customs and procedures changed at this census. Advent of the war with Russia in 1828-1829 prevented generalization of these procedures. Result of census Bibliography * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1881–1882 Census Of The Ottoman Empire
{{Ottoman-stub ...
1881–1882 census of the Ottoman Empire was a multi-year census effort that the preparations for the forms and registration committees finished in 1884-1885 (also refereed as 1881-1883 census) which from this date a continuous flow of information collected with yearly reports until final record issued in 1893 (also refereed as 1881-1893 census). The first official census (1881–1893) took 10 years to finish. Grand Vizier Cevat Pasha submitted the census records in a bound manuscript to the sultan, Abdulhamid II. Bibliography * Notes References Censuses in the Ottoman Empire Census Census A census (from Latin ''censere'', 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given Statistical population, population, usually displayed in the form of stati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1906 In The Ottoman Empire ...
The following lists events that happened during 1906 in the Ottoman Empire. Incumbents *Sultan: Abdul Hamid II *Grand Vizier: Mehmed Ferid Pasha Ongoing conflicts Census 1905–1906 census of the Ottoman Empire was the last population count. This census effort concentrated on Iraq and Arabian Peninsula as European and Anatolian has well established. Ottoman government decided to perform the count in three months compared to years during the ones performed 19th century. Bibliography References {{Year in Europe, 1906 1900s in the Ottoman Empire Years of the 20th century in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1914 Ottoman Census
The 1914 Ottoman census was published as the ''Memalik-i-Osmaniyyenin 1330 Senesi Nütus Istatistiki''. According to the introduction, the statistics were derived from data collected during the 1905–06 Ottoman census, adjusted to reflect demographic and territorial changes. The 1914 census data reflected major changes in the territorial boundaries and administrative divisions of the Ottoman state. The 1914 Ottoman general election provided a significant source of population data. The Empire's total population in the census was recorded as 18,520,015. The grand total for 1914 showed a "net gain" of 1,131,454 people from the 1905-06 Ottoman census survey. The data reflected the loss of territory and population in Europe due to the Balkan Wars, as the total net gain within the Ottoman state’s population was 3,496,068. The census underestimated non-Muslim populations. For example, in Diyarbekir, the Armenian population was reported at 73,226 in the 1914 Ottoman census, but in S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmut II
Mahmud II (, ; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as the "Peter the Great of Turkey", Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His disbandment of the conservative Janissary Corps removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire, creating the foundations of the subsequent Tanzimat era. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeats and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention. Mahmud ascended the throne following an 1808 coup that deposed his half-brother Mustafa IV. Early in his reign, the Ottoman Empire ceded Bessarabia to Russia at the end of the 1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War. Greece waged a successful war of independence that started in 1821 with British, French and Russian support, and Mahmud was forced to recognize the independent Greek state in 1832. The Ottomans lost ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nizam-ı Cedid Army
The term Nizam-i Djedid Army () refers to the new military establishment of the Nizam-i Cedid reform program which started in the Ottoman Empire . The Nizam-i Djedid Army, largely a failure in its own time, nevertheless proved a much more effective infantry force than the Janissaries. After Austria and Russia defeated the Ottoman Turkish forces in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92, the Ottoman Sultan Selim III () concluded that Ottoman military required serious reform if the empire was to survive. As a result, he began implementing a series of reforms aimed at reorganizing the military after the model of European militaries. This included the usage of European training tactics, weapons, and even officers. These reforms troubled the Janissaries, who were suspicious and unreceptive towards the reforms. To this end, Selim III established the ''Nizam-i Djedid'' in 1797 in order to develop a replacement for the Janissaries. By 1806 this new army stood 26,000 men strong, equipped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auspicious Incident
The Auspicious Incident or Auspicious EventGoodwin, pp. 296–299. ( in Constantinople; , "Event of Malignity" in the Balkans) was the forced disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary Corps by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826.Kinross, pp. 456–457Shaw, pp. 19–20 Most of the 135,000 Janissaries revolted against Mahmud II, and after the rebellion was suppressed, most of them were executed, exiled or imprisoned. The disbanded Janissary corps was replaced with a more modern military force. Background The Janissaries were first created by the Ottoman Sultans in the late 14th century and were employed as household troops. Janissaries began as an elite corps made up through the devşirme system of child slavery, by which young Christian boys, notably Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Hungarians and Romanians were taken from the Balkans, circumcised, converted to Islam, and incorporated into the Ottoman army. During the 15th and 16th centuries they were reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzimat
The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz, the Tanzimat sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though it introduced secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, the reforms faced resistance from conservative clerics, exacerbated ethnic tensions in the Balkans, and saddled the empire with crippling foreign debt. The Tanzimat’s legacy remains contested: some historians credit it with establishing a powerful national government, while others argue it accelerated imperial fragmentation. Different functions of government received reform, were completely reor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a ''millet'' (; ) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws. Despite frequently being referred to as a "system", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the ''millet'' as a whole. The notion of distinct ''millets'' corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century. Subsequently, the ''millet'' system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81), although it is now understood that no such system exis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
