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Capital Punishment In Romania
Capital punishment in Romania was abolished in 1990, and has been prohibited by the Constitution of Romania since 1991. Antecedents The death penalty has a long and varied history in present-day Romania. Vlad the Impaler (reigned in Wallachia, principally 1456–62) was notorious for executing thousands by impalement. One of his successors, Constantine Hangerli, was strangled, shot, stabbed and beheaded by the Ottomans in 1799. In Moldavia, the earliest reference to executions is found in a 1646 text from the time of Vasile Lupu, while in Wallachia, a similar mention from 1652 dates to Matei Basarab's reign. Both stipulate that particularly serious offenses such as treason, patricide or abduction of women merit execution. Only the metropolitan could grant clemency, provided the condemned either lost his land to the church or, together with his family, became its serf.Ilarion Tiu and Alina Duduciuc, "Constituția și opinia publică. Consensul social privind pedeapsa cu moa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pretender
A pretender is someone who claims to be the rightful ruler of a country although not recognized as such by the current government. The term may often be used to either refer to a descendant of a deposed monarchy or a claim that is not legitimate.Curley Jr., Walter J. P. ''Monarchs-in-Waiting''. New York, 1973, pp. 4, 10. . In addition, it may also refer to that of a deposed monarch, a type of claimant referred to as head of a house. In addition, it may also refer to a former monarchy. Queen Anne popularized this word, using it to refer to her Roman Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the Jacobite heir, in an address to Parliament in 1708: "The French fleet sailed from Dunkirk ... with the Pretender on board." In 1807 the French Emperor Napoleon complained that the '' Almanach de Gotha'' continued to list German princes whom he had deposed. This episode established that publication as the pre-eminent authority on the titles of deposed monarchs and nobility, m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolt Of Horea, Cloşca And Crişan
Rebellion is an uprising that resists and is organized against one's government. A rebel is a person who engages in a rebellion. A rebel group is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a portion of a state. A rebellion is often caused by political, religious, or social grievances that originate from a perceived inequality or marginalization. ''Rebellion'' comes from Latin ''re'' and ''bellum'', and in Lockian philosophy refers to the responsibility of the people to overthrow unjust government. Classification Uprisings which revolt, resisting and taking direct action against an authority, law or policy, as well as organize, are rebellions. An insurrection is an uprising to change the government. If a government does not recognize rebels as belligerents, then they are insurgents and the revolt is an insurgency. In a larger conflict, the rebels may be recognized as belligerents without their government being recognized ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigore Alexandru Ghica
Grigore Alexandru Ghica or Ghika (1803 or 1807 – 24 August 1857) was a Prince of Moldavia between 14 October 1849, and June 1853, and again between 30 October 1854, and 3 June 1856. His wife was Helena, a member of the Sturdza family and daughter of Ioan Sturdza, who had been Prince of Moldavia from 1822 to 1828. Biography Early life and first rule Born sometime between 1800 and 1810, Grigore Alexandru was a member of the Albanian Noble Ghica family of boyars, and a descendant of Phanariotes. After being educated in France and the German Confederation, he returned to his native country and rallied with the nationalist and liberal opposition to Prince Mihail Sturdza under the '' Regulamentul Organic'' regime."Ghika, Grégoire", in ''Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours'', Tome 20, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1857, p. 394 Following the 1848 Revolution and Sturdza's deposition, despite his political choices, with Russia's approval, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei (), also written as ''Stirbey'', (17 August 1799 – April 13, 1869), a member of the Bibescu boyar family, was a hospodar (Prince of Wallachia) on two occasions, between 1848 and 1853, and between 1854 and 1856. Early life Born to Boyar Dumitrache Bibescu, Palatine of Wallachia (1772–1831), and his wife, Ecaterina Văcărescu (1777–1842). He was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the last of the Știrbei family who left him heir to his wealth and family name. Biography He studied philosophy and law in Paris, at the beginning of Louis XVIII's reign, in 1815. After the return in Wallachia, in 1821 he took refuge from the Wallachian uprising of 1821 in Brașov, Transylvania (part of the Austrian Empire at the time). Ascension In 1825, he returned to Bucharest and took on several offices with the administration of Grigore IV Ghica. After Wallachia was occupied by Imperial Russia following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, general P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihail Kogălniceanu
Mihail Kogălniceanu (; also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Romanian Liberalism, liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on October 11, 1863, after the United Principalities, 1859 union of the Danubian Principalities under ''Domnitor'' Alexandru Ioan Cuza, and later served as List of Romanian Foreign Ministers, Foreign Minister under Carol I of Romania, Carol I. He was several times List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior, Interior Minister under Cuza and Carol. A polymath, Kogălniceanu was one of the most influential Romanian intellectuals of his generation. Siding with the moderate Liberalism and radicalism in Romania, liberal current for most of his lifetime, he began his political career as a collaborator of List of rulers of Moldavia, Prince Mihail Sturdza, while serving as head of the Iași National Theatre, Iași Theater and issuing several publications t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moldavian Revolution Of 1848
The Moldavian Revolution of 1848 is the name used for the unsuccessful Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist movement inspired by the Revolutions of 1848 in the principality of Moldavia. Initially seeking accommodation within the political framework defined by the '' Regulamentul Organic'', it eventually rejected it as imposed by foreign powers (the Russian Empire) and called for more thorough political reforms. Led by a group of young intellectuals, the movement was mostly limited to petitioning and constitutional projects, unlike the successful uprising taking place later that year in neighbouring Wallachia, and it was quickly suppressed. This was despite the fact that the Moldavian revolutionaries were more moderate and willing to compromise in their demands for reforms than their Wallachian counterparts, as Moldavian political and social life continued to be dominated by a landed, conservative aristocracy, with the middle class still embryonic. Background In Moldavia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islaz Proclamation
The Proclamation of Islaz () was the program adopted on 9 June 1848 by Romanian revolutionaries during the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. It was written by Ion Heliade Rădulescu and publicly read at the small port town of Islaz in southern Wallachia. On 11 June, under pressure from the masses, Domnitor Gheorghe Bibescu was forced to accept the terms of the proclamation and recognise the provisional revolutionary government. Provisions The Proclamation of Islaz has the form and value of a constitutional act. Between these 22 provisions are notably: *The independence of the administration and legislature. *Separation of powers. *Equal rights of the people. *The election of a responsible domnitor for a period of 5 years. *Reduction of the civil lists of the domnitor. *Emancipation of Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Juda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallachian Revolution Of 1848
The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia. Part of the Revolutions of 1848, and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the '' Regulamentul Organic'' regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of boyar privilege. Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, whom it replaced with a provisional government and a regency, and in passing a series of major progressive reforms, announced in the Proclamation of Islaz. Despite its rapid gains and popular backing, the new administration was marked by conflicts between the radical wing and more conservative forces, especially over the issue of land reform. Two successive abortive coups were able to weaken th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantin Mavrocordat
Constantine Mavrocordatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: ''Constantin Mavrocordat''; February 27, 1711November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals between 1730 and 1769. As a ruler he issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs and a more humane treatment of slaves. Life First rules Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul) as a Phanariote member of the Mavrocordatos family, Constantine succeeded his father, Nicholas Mavrocordatos, as Prince of Wallachia in 1730, after obtaining boyar support. He was deprived in the same year, but again ruled the principality five more times from 1731 to 1733, from 1735 to 1741, from 1744 to 1748, from 1756 and 1758 and from 1761 to 1763. He managed to regain control over Oltenia (the Banat of Craiova) through the Treaty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigore IV Ghica
Grigore IV Ghica or Grigore Dimitrie Ghica (Albanian : Gjika) (June 30, 1755 – April 29, 1834) was Prince of Wallachia between 1822 and 1828. A member of the Albanian Ghica family, Grigore IV was the brother of Alexandru II Ghica and the uncle of Dora d'Istria. While many of his relatives had occupied the throne in both Wallachia and Moldavia as Phanariotes, the regime change after the Greek War of Independence, Tudor Vladimirescu's 1821 uprising and the Philikí Etaireía's brief rule in the two Danubian Principalities, led to Grigore IV being considered the first in a succession of non-Phanariote rulers. The elections for Prince in the Divan, although prescribed by the Akkerman Convention of 1826, were not to be organized, due mainly to precipitating events. As a Prince, Grigore watched after the development of agriculture in his region. He also assisted in the development of a national Romanian literature. The Prince was ousted by the Russian Russian(s) may refer to: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anton Maria Del Chiaro
Anton Maria Del Chiaro (born in 1669, died after 1727) was a Florentine Italian secretary of Constantin Brâncoveanu, the Prince of Wallachia. He is the author of a book on the history of Wallachia of his time, called ''Istoria delle moderne rivoluzioni della Valachia'' ("History of Modern Revolutions of Walachia"), dedicated to Pope Clement XI, written in Italian, and printed in Venice in 1718. Biography Much of what we know about Antonio Maria Del Chiaro is owed to Constantin Boroianu's well-documented article, “Nouvelles données sur Del Chiaro”, published in the Romanian journal ''Revue des Études sud-est européennes'' in 1972. Born in 1669, as David Teglia in a Jewish family of Livorno, Del Chiaro was converted and baptized Catholic at the age of 14 on December 17, 1683, at the Duomo of Florence; as it was customary, he took the name of his godfather, Leon Battista Del Chiaro. Antonio Maria Del Chiaro studied for a long time in Tuscany and Padua. Around 1700, he settle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
