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Candelinella Makarevichiae
''Candelinella'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Candelariaceae. It contains two species of crustose lichens. It is visually similar to the genus '' Candelina'' but has unique features, including a distinct thallus and unique spore structures. It was established by Sergey Kondratyuk in 2020, with '' Candelinella makarevichiae'' assigned as the type species. The genus is distinguished by the small, crustose thallus that ranges from a to or texture, and the to 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid to oblong ascospores. Its lack of a lower and medulla further sets it apart from ''Candelina''. Taxonomy The genus ''Candelinella'' was circumscribed by Ukrainian lichenologist Sergey Kondratyuk in 2020, with ''Candelinella makarevichiae'' assigned as the type species. Its name reflects its similarities to the genus '' Candelina'', based on combined multigene and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) phylogenies. It shares a sister position with '' Cande ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candelinella Deppeanae
''Candelinella'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Candelariaceae. It contains two species of crustose lichens. It is visually similar to the genus ''Candelina'' but has unique features, including a distinct thallus and unique spore structures. It was established by Sergey Kondratyuk in 2020, with ''Candelinella makarevichiae'' assigned as the type species. The genus is distinguished by the small, crustose thallus that ranges from a to or texture, and the to 1-septum, septate, narrowly ellipsoid to oblong ascospores. Its lack of a lower and medulla (lichenology), medulla further sets it apart from ''Candelina''. Taxonomy The genus ''Candelinella'' was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Ukrainian lichenologist Sergey Kondratyuk in 2020, with ''Candelinella makarevichiae'' assigned as the type species. Its name reflects its similarities to the genus ''Candelina'', based on combined multigene and internal transcribed spacer, nuclear ribosomal DNA intern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Tree
A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees. The main challenge is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of species or taxa. Computational phylogenetics (also phylogeny inference) focuses on the algorithms involved in finding optimal phylogenetic tree in the phylogenetic landscape. Phylogenetic trees may be rooted or unrooted. In a ''rooted'' p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cherry
A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus ''Prunus'', and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit). Commercial cherries are obtained from cultivars of several species, such as the sweet '' Prunus avium'' and the sour '' Prunus cerasus''. The name 'cherry' also refers to the cherry tree and its wood, and is sometimes applied to almonds and visually similar flowering trees in the genus ''Prunus'', as in " ornamental cherry" or " cherry blossom". Wild cherry may refer to any of the cherry species growing outside cultivation, although ''Prunus avium'' is often referred to specifically by the name "wild cherry" in the British Isles. Botany True cherries ''Prunus'' subg. ''Cerasus'' contains species that are typically called cherries. They are known as true cherries and distinguished by having a single winter bud per axil, by having the flowers in small corymbs or umbels of several together (occasionally solitary, e.g. ''P. serrula''; some species with short racemes, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinus
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. ''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as current, with additional synonyms, and ''Plants of the World Online'' 126 species-rank taxa (113 species and 13 nothospecies), making it the largest genus among the conifers. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico. Pines are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; they occupy large areas of boreal forest, but are found in many habitats, including the Mediterranean Basin, and dry tropical forests in southeast Asia and Central America. Wood from pine trees is one of the most extensively used types of timber, and some pines are widely used as Christmas trees. Description Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing tall, with the majority of species reaching tall. The sma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juniperus Deppeana
''Juniperus deppeana'' (alligator juniper or checkerbark juniper) is a small to medium-sized tree reaching in height. It is native to central and northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. Description The tree reaches , rarely , in height. The Bark (botany), bark is usually very distinctive, unlike other junipers, hard, dark gray-brown, cracked into small square plates superficially resembling alligator skin; it is however sometimes like other junipers, with stringy vertical fissuring. The Shoot (botany), shoots are in diameter. On juvenile specimens, the leaves are needle-like and long. The leaves are arranged in opposite leaves, opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three; in adulthood they are scale-like, long (up to 5 mm) and 1–1.5 mm broad. The conifer cone, cones are Juniper berry, berrylike, wide, green when young and maturing to orange-brown with a whitish waxy bloom,. These contain 2–6 seeds, which mature in about 18 months. The male cones are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vulpinic Acid
Vulpinic acid is a natural product first found in and important in the symbiosis underlying the biology of lichens. It is a simple methyl ester derivative of its parent compound, pulvinic acid, and a close relative of pulvinone, both of which derive from aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine via secondary metabolism. The roles of vulpinic acid are not fully established, but may include properties that make it an antifeedant for herbivores. The compound is relatively toxic to mammals. Chemical description Vulpinic acid was first isolated from lichens in 1925. As an isolated, purified substance, it is bright yellow in color. Vulpinic acid is derived biosynthetically by esterification from pulvinic acid; pulvinate itself derives from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of arylpyruvic acids, a process that also produces the related pulvinones. There have been several chemical syntheses reported for vulpinic acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulvinic Acid
Pulvinic acids are natural chemical pigments found in some lichens, derived biosynthetically from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of arylpyruvic acids, a process that also produces the related pulvinones. Hydroxypulvinic acid pigments (pulvinic acid type family of pigments) have been found in ''Boletus'' (e.g. '' Boletus erythropus''), ''Boletinus'', '' Chalciporus'', '' Gyrodon'', ''Leccinum'', ''Pulveroboletus'', ''Suillus'' (e.g. ''Suillus luteus'', '' Suillus bovinus'', and '' Suillus grevillei''), ''Paxillus'' (e.g. ''Paxillus involutus''), ''Serpula'' (e.g. '' Serpula lacrymans''), ''Xerocomus'' (e.g. '' Xerocomus chrysenteron''), '' Hygrophoropsis'' (e.g. '' Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca''), ''Retiboletus'' (e.g. ''Retiboletus nigerrimus''), ''Pulveroboletus'' (e.g. '' Pulveroboletus auriflammeus''), and are generally characteristic of Boletales. In addition to pulvinone, derivatives and related pigments of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 800 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing. Biosynthesis Most lichen products are biochemically synthesized via the acetyl-polymalonyl pathway (also known as polyketide pathway), while only a few originate from the mevalonate and shikimate biosynthetic pathways. Occurrence Lichen products accumu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage looks homogeneously pink, and the term "hyaline" is used to describe similarly homogeneously pink material besides the cartilage. Hyaline material is usually acellular and proteinaceous. For example, arterial hyaline is seen in aging, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and in association with some drugs (e.g. calcineurin inhibitors). It is bright pink with PAS staining. Ichthyology and entomology In ichthyology and entomology Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (''éntomon''), meaning "insect", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study") is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In ..., ''hyaline'' denotes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isotype (biology)
A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany and mycology, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, generally pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same genetic individual. A holotype is not necessarily "typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
