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Cancer Cluster
A cancer cluster is a disease cluster in which a high number of cancer cases occurs in a group of people in a particular geographic area over a limited period of time. Historical examples of work-related cancer clusters are well documented in the medical literature. Notable examples include: scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps in 18th-century London; osteosarcoma among female watch dial painters in the 20th century; skin cancer in farmers; bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds; and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene.Cancer Facts . National Cancer Institute. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Cancer cluster suspicions usually arise when members of the general public report that their family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related cancers. State or loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Disease Cluster
A disease cluster is an unusually large aggregation of a relatively uncommon disease (medical condition) or event within a particular geographical location or period. Recognition of a cluster depends on its size being greater than would be expected by chance. Identification of a suspected disease cluster may initially depend on anecdotal evidence. Epidemiologists and biostatisticians then assess whether the suspected cluster corresponds to an actual increase of disease in the area. Typically, when clusters are recognized, they are reported to public health departments in the local area. If clusters are of sufficient size and importance, they may be re-evaluated as outbreaks. John Snow's pioneering investigation of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London, is seen as a classic example of the study of such a cluster. See also * Cancer cluster References External links Disease Clusters: An Overview introduction to a course held by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Clear-cell Carcinoma
Clear-cell carcinoma, also known as clear-cell adenocarcinoma and mesonephroma, is an epithelial-cell-derived carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells observed during histological, diagnostic assessment. This form of cancer is classified as a rare cancer with an incidence of 4.8% in white patients, 3.1% in black patients, and 11.1% in Asian patients. Clear-cell carcinoma may arise in multiple tissue types including the kidney ( clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma), ovary ( ovarian clear-cell carcinoma), uterus (uterine clear-cell carcinoma) or gastrointestinal tract (colorectal clear-cell carcinoma). Treatment options for clear cell carcinoma vary by the tissue type affected. It may include a combination of chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin or irinotecan plus cisplatin) and surgical resection in ovarian clear-cell carcinoma; debulking or resection paired with chemotherapy (cisplatin) in ovarian clear-cell carcinoma; cytokine therapy (IL-2, interferon), kinase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cancer Clusters
A cancer cluster is a disease cluster in which a high number of cancer cases occurs in a group of people in a particular geographic area over a limited period of time. Historical examples of work-related cancer clusters are well documented in the medical literature. Notable examples include: scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps in 18th-century London; osteosarcoma among Radium Girls, female watch dial painters in the 20th century; skin cancer in farmers; bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds; and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene.Cancer Facts . National Cancer Institute. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Cancer cluster suspicions usually arise when members of the general public report that their family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related cancers. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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A Story Of Science And Salvation
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is '' a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey and single-storey . The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English, '' a'' is the indefinite article, with the alternative form ''an''. Name In English, the name of the letter is the ''long A'' sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables. History The earliest known ancestor of A is ''aleph''—the first letter of the Phoenician ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Fooled By Randomness
''Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets'' is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that deals with the fallibility of human knowledge. It was first published in 2001. Updated editions were released a few years later. The book is the first part of Taleb's multi-volume philosophical essay on uncertainty, titled the '' Incerto'', which also includes '' The Black Swan'' (2007–2010), '' The Bed of Procrustes'' (2010–2016), '' Antifragile'' (2012), and '' Skin in the Game'' (2018). Thesis Taleb sets forth the idea that modern humans are often unaware of the existence of randomness. They tend to explain random outcomes as non-random. Human beings: # overestimate causality, e.g., they see elephants in the clouds instead of understanding that they are in fact randomly shaped clouds that appear to our eyes as elephants (or something else); # tend to view the world as more explainable than it really is. So they look for explanations even when there are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Environmental Racism
Environmental racism, ecological racism, or ecological apartheid is a form of racism leading to negative environmental outcomes such as landfills, Incineration, incinerators, and hazardous waste disposal disproportionately impacting Community of color, communities of color, violating substantive equality. Internationally, it is also associated with extractivism, which places the environmental burdens of mining, oil extraction, and industrial agriculture upon indigenous peoples and poorer nations largely inhabited by people of color. Environmental racism is the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards, pollution, and ecological degradation experienced by marginalized communities, as well as those of people of color. Race, socio-economic status, and environmental injustice directly impact these communities in terms of their health outcomes as well as their quality of health. Communities are not all created equal. In the United States, some communities are continuously po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cuzick–Edwards Test
In statistics, the Cuzick–Edwards test is a significance test whose aim is to detect the possible clustering of sub-populations within a clustered or non-uniformly-spread overall population. Possible applications of the test include examining the spatial clustering of childhood leukemia and lymphoma within the general population, given that the general population is spatially clustered. The test is based on: :*using control locations within the general population as the basis of a second or "control" sub-population in addition to the original "case" sub-population; :*using "nearest-neighbour" analyses to form statistics based on either: :**the number of other "cases" among the neighbours of each case; :**the number "cases" which are nearer to each given case than the ''k''-th nearest "control" for that case. An example application of this test was to spatial clustering of leukaemias and lymphomas among young people in New Zealand. See also * Clustering (demographics) In demograp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cancer Epidemiology
The epidemiology of cancer is the study of the factors affecting cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological methods to find the cause of cancer and to identify and develop improved treatments. This area of study must contend with problems of lead time bias and length time bias. Lead time bias is the concept that early diagnosis may artificially inflate the survival statistics of a cancer, without really improving the natural history of the disease. Length bias is the concept that slower growing, more indolent tumors are more likely to be diagnosed by screening tests, but improvements in diagnosing more cases of indolent cancer may not translate into better patient outcomes after the implementation of screening programs. A related concern is overdiagnosis, the tendency of screening tests to diagnose diseases that may not actually impact the patient's longevity. This problem especially applies to prostate cancer and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cancer Alley
Cancer Alley is the regional nickname given to an stretch of land along the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, in the River Parishes of Louisiana, which contains over 200 petrochemical plants and refineries. As of 2012, this area accounted for 25% of the petrochemical production in the United States. By the 1970s the EPA documented serious water and air pollution. Environmentalists consider the region a sacrifice zone where rates of cancer caused by air pollution exceed the federal government's own limits of acceptable risk. Community leaders such as Sharon Lavigne have led the charge in protesting the expansion of the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley, as well as addressing the associated racial and economic disparities. Cancer Alley in a larger sense extends further west along the Gulf Coast into Texas to the area of Freeport, Texas. History Following an oil and gas boom around the time of World War II, a number of refineries spawned along the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Biostatistics
Biostatistics (also known as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results. History Biostatistics and genetics Biostatistical modeling forms an important part of numerous modern biological theories. Genetics studies, since its beginning, used statistical concepts to understand observed experimental results. Some genetics scientists even contributed with statistical advances with the development of methods and tools. Gregor Mendel started the genetics studies investigating genetics segregation patterns in families of peas and used statistics to explain the collected data. In the early 1900s, after the rediscovery of Mendel's Mendelian inheritance work, there were gaps in understanding between genetics and evolutionary Darwinism. Francis Galton tried to expand Mendel's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Camp Lejeune Water Contamination
The Camp Lejeune water contamination problem occurred at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in Jacksonville, North Carolina, from 1953 to 1987. During that time, United States Marine Corps (USMC) personnel and families at the base — as well as many international, particularly British, assignees — bathed in and ingested tap water contaminated with harmful chemicals at all concentrations from 240 to 3,400 times current safe levels. An undetermined number of former residents later developed cancer or other ailments including ALS, fatty liver disease, infertility, and Parkinson's Disease, which could be due to the contaminated drinking water. Victims claim that USMC leaders concealed knowledge of the problem and did not act properly to resolve it or notify former residents. In 2009 the U.S. federal government initiated investigations into the allegations of contaminated water and failures by U.S. Marine officials to act on the issue. In August 2012, President Obama signed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is a nonsteroidal estrogen medication, which is presently rarely used. In the past, it was widely used for a variety of indications, including pregnancy support for those with a history of recurrent miscarriage, hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and estrogen deficiency, treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer, and other uses. By 2007, it was only used in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer. In 2011, Hoover and colleagues reported adverse reproductive health outcomes linked to DES including infertility, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm birth, stillbirth, infant death, menopause prior to age 45, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and vaginal cancer. While most commonly taken by mouth, DES was available for use by other routes as well, for instance, vaginal, topical, and by injection. DES is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |