C. Sakazakii
''Cronobacter sakazakii'', which before 2007 was named ''Enterobacter sakazakii'', is an opportunistic Gram-negative, bacillus, rod-shaped, pathogenic bacteria, bacterium that can live in very dry places, a phenomenon known as Xerophile, xerotolerance. ''C. sakazakii'' utilizes a number of genes to survive desiccation and this xerotolerance may be strain specific. Most ''C. sakazakii'' cases are adults but low-birth-weight preterm neonatal and older infants are at the highest risk. The pathogen is a rare cause of invasive infection in infants, with historically high case fatality rates (40–80%). In infants it can cause bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis, necrotizing enterocolitis. Most neonatal ''C. sakazakii'' infections cases have been associated with the use of powdered infant formula with some strains able to survive in a desiccated state for more than two years. However, not all cases have been linked to contaminated infant formula. In November 2011, seve ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Trypticase Soy Broth
Tryptic soy broth or Trypticase soy broth (frequently abbreviated as TSB) is used in microbiology laboratories as a culture broth to grow aerobic organism, aerobic and facultative anaerobic organism, facultative anaerobic bacteria. It is a general purpose medium that is routinely used to grow bacteria which tend to have high nutritional requirements (i.e., they are fastidious organism , fastidious). Uses Sterility test medium in United States Pharmacopeia, USP and European Pharmacopoeia, EP as well as for inocula preparation for CLSI standards. TSB is frequently used in commercial diagnostics in conjunction with the additive sodium thioglycolate which promotes growth of anaerobes. Preparation To prepare 1 liter of TSB, the following ingredients are dissolved under gentle heat. Adjustments to pH should be made using 1N HCl or 1N NaOH to reach a final target pH of 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25°C. The solution is then autoclaved for 15 minutes at 121°C. Tryptic Soy Agar contains per lit ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Cronobacter
''Cronobacter'' is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Several ''Cronobacter'' species are desiccation resistant and persistent in dry products such as powdered infant formula. They are generally motile, reduce nitrate, use citrate, hydrolyze esculin and arginine, and are positive for L-ornithine decarboxylation. Acid is produced from D-glucose, D-sucrose, D-raffinose, D-melibiose, D-cellobiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-trehalose, galacturonate and D-maltose. ''Cronobacter'' spp. are also generally positive for acetoin production ( Voges–Proskauer test) and negative for the methyl red test, indicating 2,3-butanediol rather than mixed acid fermentation. The type species of the genus ''Cronobacter'' is ''Cronobacter sakazakii'' comb. nov. Clinical significance All ''Cronobacter'' species, except ''C. condimenti'', have been linked retrospect ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Cronobacter Muytjensii
''Cronobacter muytjensii'' is a bacterium. It is named after Harry Muytjens. Its type strain is ATCC 51329T (=CIP 103581T). It is indole, dulcitol, and malonate The conjugate acids are in :Carboxylic acids. {{Commons category, Carboxylate ions, Carboxylate anions Carbon compounds Anions ... positive but palatinose and methyl-α-D- glucopyranoside negative. References Further reading * * * External links LPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter muytjensii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria described in 2007 {{Enterobacterales-stub ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Cronobacter Turicensis
''Cronobacter turicensis'' is a bacterium. It is usually food-borne and pathogenic. It is named after ''Turicum'', the Latin name of Zurich, as the type strain originates from there. Its type strain is strain 3032 (=LMG 23827T =DSMZ 18703T). This strain was first isolated from a fatal case of neonatal meningitis. ''C. Turicensis'' strains are indole negative but malonate The conjugate acids are in :Carboxylic acids. {{Commons category, Carboxylate ions, Carboxylate anions Carbon compounds Anions ..., dulcitol and methyl-α-D- glucopyranoside positive. References Further reading * * External links LPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter turicensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria described in 2007 {{Enterobacterales-stub ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of Family (taxonomy), family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al. Enterobacteriaceae includes, along with many harmless Symbiosis, symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogenic bacteria, pathogens, such as ''Salmonella'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Klebsiella'', and ''Shigella''. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include ''Enterobacter'' and ''Citrobacter''. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae can be Bacterial taxonomy#Nomenclature, trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria", as several members live in the intestines of animals. In fact, the etymol ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Ribotyping
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is a rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages. All bacteria have ribosomal genes, but the exact sequence is unique to each species, serving as a genetic fingerprint. Therefore, sequencing the particular 16S gene and comparing it to a database would yield identification of the particular species. Technique Ribotyping involves the digestion of bacterial genomic DNA with specific restriction enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence, resulting in fragments of different lengths. Those fragments are then run on a Gel electrophoresis, where they are separated according to size: the application of electrical field to the gel in which they are suspended causes the movement of DNA fragments (all negatively charged due to ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-PCR or AFLP) is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by Pieter Vos, AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of the restriction fragments. A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using primers complementary to the adaptor sequence, the restriction site sequence and a few nucleotides inside the restriction site fragments (as described in detail below). The amplified fragments are separated and visualized on denaturing on agarose gel electrophoresis, either through autoradiography or fluorescence methodologies, or via automated capillary sequencing instruments. Although AFLP should not be used as an acronym, it is commonly referred to as "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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16S Ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium. Terminology The descriptor ''16S'' refers to the size of these ribosomal subunits as reflected indirectly by the speed at which they sediment when samples are centrifuged. Thus ''16S'' means 16 Svedburg units. Functions * Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins. * The 3-end contains the anti- Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Citrobacter
''Citrobacter'' is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ''Citrobacter'' spp. cause opportunistic infections (including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia). Microbiology Microbial biochemistry The species ''C. amalonaticus'', '' C. koseri'', and '' C. freundii'' can use citrate as a sole carbon source. ''Citrobacter'' species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (''C. koseri'' is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (''C. koseri'' is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate. ''Citrobacter'' shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes. Environmental microbiology These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine. Clinical significance Citrobacter are considered opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, typically associated wit ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Enterobacter
''Enterobacter'' is a genus of common Gram-negative, Facultative anaerobic organism, facultatively anaerobic, bacillus (shape), rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary tract, urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus ''Enterobacter'' is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms (or thermotolerant coliforms) group of bacteria, unlike ''Escherichia coli'', because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties. One clinically important species from this genus is ''Enterobacter cloac ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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DNA–DNA Hybridization
In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy. Method The DNA of one organism is labelled, then mixed with the unlabelled DNA to be compared against. The mixture is incubated to allow DNA strands to dissociate and then cooled to form renewed hybrid double-stranded DNA. Hybridized sequences with a high degree of similarity will bind more firmly, and require more energy to separate them. An example is they separate when heated at a higher temperature than dissimilar sequences, a process known as " DNA melting". To assess the melting profile of the hybridized DNA, the double-stranded DNA is bound to a column or filter and the mixture is heated in small steps. At each step, the column or filter is washed; then sequences that melt become single-stranded and wash off. T ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Year
A year is a unit of time based on how long it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun. In scientific use, the tropical year (approximately 365 Synodic day, solar days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds) and the sidereal year (about 20 minutes longer) are more exact. The modern calendar year, as reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar, approximates the tropical year by using a system of leap years. The term 'year' is also used to indicate other periods of roughly similar duration, such as the lunar year (a roughly 354-day cycle of twelve of the Moon's phasessee lunar calendar), as well as periods loosely associated with the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year, the academic year, etc. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by changes in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar climate, subpolar regions around the planet, four ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |