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Bolivia–Chile Relations
International relations between the Republic of Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been strained ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute. Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its coast to Chile during the War of the Pacific and became a landlocked country (Bolivia still claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean). Chile and Bolivia have maintained only consular relations since 1978, when territorial negotiations failed and Bolivia decided to sever diplomatic relations with Chile. However, in spite of the strained relationship, Chile and Bolivia still have economic treaties supporting tourism and cooperation; therefore, trading between two nations is not affected by the territorial dispute. Historical relations Relations following independence from Spain (1818-1828) When Chile and Bolivia gained independence from Spain in 1818 and 1825 respectively, both countries established their borders using the '' uti pos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Relations
International relations (IR, and also referred to as international studies, international politics, or international affairs) is an academic discipline. In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), international legal bodies, and multinational corporations (MNCs). International relations is generally classified as a major multidiscipline of political science, along with comparative politics, political methodology, political theory, and public administration. It often draws heavily from other fields, including anthropology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, and sociology. There are several schools of thought within IR, of which the most prominent are realism, l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia. According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term with no limit on the number of terms a president may serve. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election. Luis Arce is the 67th and incumbent president of Bolivia. He assumed office on 8 November 2020. Constitutional history Establishment On 6 August 1825, the Republic of Bolivia declared its independence and proclaimed Simón Bolívar head of state. While it is certainly true that Bolívar was the official ruler of the country starting from his arrival on 12 August, there exists conflict amongst schol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1877 Iquique Earthquake
The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred at 21:16 local time on 9 May (0:59 on 10 May UTC). It had a magnitude of 8.5 on the surface-wave magnitude scale. Other estimates of its magnitude have been as high as 8.9 and 9.0 (based on the size of the tsunami). It had a maximum intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale and triggered a devastating tsunami. A total of 2,385 people died, mainly in Fiji from the tsunami. Historical context Affected areas in what was then part of Bolivia but is now the Antofagasta region of Chile, had during this period been subject to the Atacama border dispute between the two countries. Under the 1874 boundary treaty between Bolivia and Chile, the border between the two nations as of 1877 followed the 24th parallel south. The terms of that treaty required that Bolivia not levy taxes on Chilean companies mining nitrates between the 23rd and 24th parallels (including the city of Antofagasta) for 25 years, except for agreed duties to be sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1868 Arica Earthquake
The 1868 Arica earthquake occurred on 13 August 1868, near Arica, then part of Peru, now part of Chile, at 21:30 UTC. It had an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.3. A tsunami (or multiple tsunamis) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake, which was recorded in Hawaii, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Tectonic setting The earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Nazca plate and the South American plate. The earthquake was likely a result of thrust fault, thrust-faulting, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. The coasts of Peru and Chile have a history of great megathrust earthquakes originating from this plate boundary, such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake. Damage The earthquake caused almost complete destruction in the southern part of Peru, including Arica Province (Peru), Arica, Tacna, Moquegua, Mollendo, Ilo, Peru, Ilo, Iquique, Torata District, Torata and Arequipa, resultin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobija, Chile
Cobija (previously known as Puerto La Mar) was the first significant Pacific Ocean port of independent Bolivia. In 2002, it had 41 inhabitants and its economy was totally based on fishing. Cobija was included in maps of the Captaincy General of Chile in the 18th century, depending from the city of Copiapó. In 1825, it was the main port of Bolivia due to the Potosí silver mine. The territory was disputed between Chile and Bolivia until the signing of the Boundary Treaty of 1866. The city was destroyed by an earthquake on 13 August 1868, and a tsunami on 9 May 1877, but it was revived with the discovery of ore in Caracoles. At the end of the War of the Pacific in 1884, the city and the entire coastal province of Bolivia was annexed by Chile. In a treaty signed in 1904 Bolivia recognised the loss of Cobija. Eventually, Cobija was replaced by the port at Antofagasta and in 1907 it was abandoned and its parish was moved to the town of Gatico which is itself now nearly a ruin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25th Parallel South
Following are circles of latitude between the 20th parallel south and the 25th parallel south: 21st parallel south The 21st parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 21 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America. Around the world Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 21° south passes through: : 22nd parallel south The 22nd parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 22 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America. A section of the border between Namibia and Botswana, and two sections of the border between Bolivia and Argentina are defined by the parallel. Around the world Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 22° south passes through: : 23 parallel south The 23rd parallel south i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Yungay
The Battle of Yungay (or Yungai) was the final battle of the War of the Confederation, fought on January 20, 1839, near Santo Domingo de Yungay, Yungay, Peru. The United Restoration Army, led by Chilean General Manuel Bulnes, consisting mainly of Chileans and 600 Republic of North Peru, North Peruvian dissidents, attacked the Peru-Bolivian Confederation forces led by Andrés de Santa Cruz in northern Peru, north of Lima. After six hours of fighting, the Restorers destroyed the Confederate Army, bringing the War of the Confederation to its end. Santa Cruz exiled himself in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The new Peruvian government paid its debt with Chile from the liberation expedition from a decade ago, and gave awards to Chilean and Peruvian officials. Peruvian officers who served under the Confederation, including William Miller (Peruvian general), Guillermo Miller, Mariano Necochea, Luis José Orbegoso, and Domingo Nieto, were banned from the Peruvian Army. Prologue Chile declared wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the List of countries and dependencies by area, eighth-largest country in the world. Argentina shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a Federation, federal state subdivided into twenty-three Provinces of Argentina, provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and List of cities in Argentina by population, largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a Federalism, federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
