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Aztec Empire
The Aztec Empire, also known as the Triple Alliance (, Help:IPA/Nahuatl, [ˈjéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥]) or the Tenochca Empire, was an alliance of three Nahuas, Nahua altepetl, city-states: , , and . These three city-states ruled that area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until the combined forces of the Spanish and their native allies who ruled under Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, defeated them in 1521. Its people and civil society are historiographically referred to as the ''Aztecs'' or the ''Culhua-Mexica''. The alliance was formed from the victorious factions of a civil war fought between the city of and its former tributary provinces. Despite the initial conception of the empire as an alliance of three self-governed city-states, the capital became dominant militarily. By the time the Spanish arrived in 1519, the lands of the alliance were effectively ruled from , while other partners of the alliance had taken subsidiary roles. The al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pre-Columbian Era
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European colonization of the Americas, European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492. This era encompasses the history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous cultures prior to significant European influence, which in some cases did not occur until decades or even centuries after Columbus's arrival. During the pre-Columbian era, many civilizations developed permanent settlements, cities, agricultural practices, civic and monumental architecture, major Earthworks (archaeology), earthworks, and Complex society, complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had declined by the time of the establishment of the first permanent European colonies, around the late 16th to early 17th centuries, and are know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
City-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world throughout history, including cities such as Rome, Carthage, Athens and Sparta and the Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, such as Florence, Venice, Genoa and Milan. With the rise of nation states worldwide, there remains some disagreement on the number of modern city-states that still exist; Singapore, Monaco and Vatican City are the candidates most commonly discussed. Out of these, Singapore is the largest and most populous, and is generally considered to be the last real city-state left in the world, with full sovereignty, international borders, its own currency, a robust military, and substantial international influence in its own right. ''The Economist'' refers to it as the "world's only fully functioning city-state". Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nahuas
The Nahuas ( ) are a Uto-Nahuan ethnicity and one of the Indigenous people of Mexico, with Nahua minorities also in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. They comprise the largest Indigenous group in Mexico, as well as the largest population out of any North American Indigenous people group who are native speakers of their respective Indigenous language. Amongst the Nahua, this is Nahuatl. When ranked amongst all Indigenous languages across the Americas, Nahuas list third after speakers of Guaraní and Quechua. The Mexica (Aztecs) are of Nahua ethnicity, as are their historical enemies and allies of the Spaniards: the Tlaxcallans (Tlaxcaltecs). The Toltecs which predated both groups are often thought to have been Nahua as well. However, in the pre-Columbian period Nahuas were subdivided into many groups that did not necessarily share a common identity. Their Nahuan languages, or Nahuatl, consist of many variants, several of which are mutually uninte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundary, maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), and is the List of countries by area, thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the List of countries by population, tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the Hispanophone#Countries, largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is the capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city, which ranks among the List of cities by population, most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. Mesoamerica, considered a cradle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rulers
A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of the list-maker, but lists are frequently written down on paper, or maintained electronically. Lists are "most frequently a tool", and "one does not ''read'' but only ''uses'' a list: one looks up the relevant information in it, but usually does not need to deal with it as a whole".Lucie Doležalová,The Potential and Limitations of Studying Lists, in Lucie Doležalová, ed., ''The Charm of a List: From the Sumerians to Computerised Data Processing'' (2009). Purpose It has been observed that, with a few exceptions, "the scholarship on lists remains fragmented". David Wallechinsky, a co-author of ''The Book of Lists'', described the attraction of lists as being "because we live in an era of overstimulation, especially in terms of information, and lists help us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Studies Quarterly
''International Studies Quarterly'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and an official journal of the International Studies Association. It was established in 1959 and is published by Oxford University Press. Oxford Academic reports the journal's impact factor, as of September 2024, is 2.4. As of 2024, the journal has a five-year impact factor of 3.4. The Lead Editors are Sam R. Bell, Elena McLean, and Jeffrey Pickering. See also * List of international relations journals * List of political science journals This is a list of political science journals presenting representative peer-reviewed academic journals in the field of political science. A *'' Acta Politica'' *'' African Affairs'' *'' American Affairs'' *'' American Journal of Political Scie ... References External links * International relations journals Wiley-Blackwell academic journals English-language journals Quarterly journals Academic journals established in 1959 I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetlepanquetzal
Tetlepanquetzal (died 1525) was the fourth Tepanec (ruler) of Tlacopan, and reigned after 1503 as a tributary of the Mexican emperor Moctezuma II, whom he assisted in the first defence of Mexico. Afterward he was one of the principal auxiliaries of Cuauhtémoc. When the city was finally taken, 13 August 1521, he was made prisoner and tortured, together with Cuauhtémoc, by the Spaniards to coerce them into revealing the hiding place of the imperial treasure. Tetlepanquetzal was present when Hernán Cortés met Moctezuma II for the first time. Death When Hernán Cortés marched in October, 1524 to Honduras to subdue the revolt of Cristóbal de Olid, he carried Tetlepanquetzal with him, in addition to the Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc, and another , Coanacotzin (of Texcoco), for fear of an insurgency while he was away. During the expedition, under the pretext that he had discovered a conspiracy against him, Cortés had all three strangled or hanged, with others, during Lent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Totoquihuaztli I
Totoquihuatzin I was a ''tlatoani'' (ruler) of the pre-Columbian Tepanec ''altepetl'' (ethnic state) of Tlacopan in the Valley of Mexico.Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxichotl, History of the Chichimeca Nation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.Diego Durán, The History of the Indies of New Spain, translated, annotated and with introduction by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. It was during the reign of Totoquihuatzin I that the foundation of the Triple Alliance was formed, including the distribution of territory and share of tribute between Tlacopan, Tenochtitlan and Texcoco.Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxichotl, History of the Chichimeca Nation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. In 1440 Totoquihuatzin I participated in the selection of Moctezuma I to succeed Itzcoatl. Then again in 1466 Totoquihuatzin I participated in the selection of Axayacatl to succeed Moctezuma I as the next tlatoani ''Tlahtoāni'' ( , "ruler, sovereign"; plural ' ) is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cacamatzin
Cacamatzin (or Cacama) (c. 1483–1520) was the tlatoani (ruler) of Texcoco,Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, the second most important city of the Aztec Empire. Cacamatzin was a son of the previous king Nezahualpilli by one of his mistresses. Traditionally, the Texcocan kings were elected by the nobility from the most able of the royal family. Cacamatzin's election to the throne in 1515 was said to have been made under considerable pressure from Moctezuma II Moctezuma Xocoyotzin . ( – 29 June 1520), retroactively referred to in European sources as Moctezuma II, and often simply called Montezuma,Other variant spellings include Moctezuma, Motewksomah, Motecuhzomatzin, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma, Motē ..., lord of Tenochtitlán. Moctezuma II wished to lessen Texcoco's power in favor of greater centralization in Tenochtitlán. Cacamatzin wrote ''Cacamatzin Icuic'' ("Song of Cacamatzin"), invoking his father and grandfather; he seems to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)
Nezahualcoyotl ( , ), "Fasting Coyote" (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, philosopher (''tlamatini''), warrior, architect, poet and ruler (''tlatoani'') of the city-state of Texcoco (altepetl), Texcoco in pre-Columbian era Mexico. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Nezahualcoyotl was not fully Mexica; his father's people were the Acolhua, another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the Valley of Mexico, on the coast of Lake Texcoco. His mother, however, was the sister of Chimalpopoca, the Mexica king of Tenochtitlan. King Nezahualcoyotl is best remembered for his poetry; for his Hamlet-like biography as a dethroned prince with a victorious return, leading to the fall of Azcapotzalco (altepetl), Azcapotzalco and the rise of the Aztec Triple-Alliance, Aztec Triple Alliance; and for leading important infrastructure projects, both in Tetzcoco (altepetl), Texcoco and Tenochtitlan; and exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rulers Of Tetzcoco
This is a list of Mesoamerican ''tlatoque'' of the ''altepetl'' of Tetzcoco from the first ''tlatoani'' in 1298 to the end of the line of indigenous rulers. From the early 15th century to 1521, Tetzcoco was one of the three leading members of the Triple Alliance, commonly known as the Aztec Empire, but was often subservient to the rulers of Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire was conquered by Spain in 1521, but the Spanish colonial authorities continued to appoint ''tlatoque'' of Tetzcoco until the office was abolished in 1564. Pre-colonial rulers (1298–1521) Early Tetzcoco (1298–1431) The ''tlatoque'' of Tetzcoco were descendants and successors of earlier ''tlatoque'' of the Chichimeca, succeeding Xolotl (1172–1232), Nopaltzin (1232–1263) and Tlotzin (1263–1298). In the Triple Alliance (1431–1521) Colonial period (1521–1564) The line of ''tlatoque'' continued in Tetzococo after the Spanish conquest. Adept at navigating the new Spanish colonial governing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
