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Awan Languages
Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. Genealogical relations The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages (including Páez language, Páez); however, Curnow (1998) shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay (1888). (See: Paezan languages.) Other more speculative larger groupings involving Barbacoan include the Macro-Paesan "cluster", the Macro-Chibchan stock, and the Chibchan-Paezan stock. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Atakame language, Atakame, Cholon-Hibito languages, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua languages, Kechua, Mochika language, Mochika, Paez language, Paez, Tukano languages, Tukano, Umbra language, Umbra, and Chibchan languages, Chibchan (especially between Guaymí language, Guaymí and Southern Barbacoan branches) language families due to con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbra Language
The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object of lesser size. In cases of equal or smaller impinging objects, only an umbra and penumba are generated. Assuming no diffraction, for a collimated beam (such as a point source) of light, only the umbra is cast. These phenomena are generally observed within solar systems, as the size of the stars within the system are larger than the orbiting satellites, hence these terms are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots. Umbra The umbra () is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. An observer within the umbra experiences a total occultation. The umbra of a round body occluding a round light source forms a right circular cone. When viewed from the cone's apex, the two bodies ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dialect
A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardized varieties, such as those used in developing countries or isolated areas. The non-standard dialects of a language with a writing system will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. Standard and nonstandard dialects A ''standard dialect'', also known as a "standardized language", is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include any or all of the following: government recognition or designation; formal presentation in schooling as the "correct" form of a language; informal monitoring of everyday Usage (language), usage; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a normative spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature (be it prose, poetry, non-ficti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extinct Language
An extinct language or dead language is a language with no living native speakers. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group; these languages are often undergoing a process of revitalisation. Languages that have first-language speakers are known as modern or living languages to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts. Languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favor of a foreign ''lingua franca''. As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in danger of extinction; one estimate published in 2004 expected that some 90% of the languages spoken at that time will have become extinct by 2050. Language death Normally the transition from a spoken to an extinct language occurs when a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsafiki Language
Tsafiki, also known as Tsachila or Colorado, is a Barbacoan language spoken in Ecuador by c. 2000 ethnic Tsáchila people. Phonology Consonants * /b, d/ are preglottalized b, ˀdwhen occurring intervocalically. * /k/ can become voiced when intervocally after nasal sounds. * /ɹ/ is heard as when occurring word-initially, and when following a nasalized vowel, an allophone occurs. * /s/ is heard as when preceding high vowels /i, u/ and after unaccented high vowels. * /t͡s/ is heard as when preceding high vowels, but many speakers pronounce it as ͡ʃin all environments. Vowels Tsafiki has five vowels Four vowels have nasalized forms. * Unaccented vowels before voiceless stops are often devoiced Morphology Evidentiality Tsafiki has a four-way evidentiality In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caranqui Language
Caranqui, or Cara (Kara), is an extinct, probably Barbacoan languages, Barbacoan language of Ecuador. Caranqui was replaced by Quechua languages, Quechua, perhaps surviving as late as the 18th century. It seems in turn to have influenced Imbabura Quechua. There are similarities between Caranqui and the Barbacoan languages Pasto language, Pasto and Tsafiki language, Tsafiki, so Caranqui is often classified as Barbacoan, but the evidence is not conclusive due its poor documentation. References Barbacoan languages Extinct languages of South America Languages of Ecuador Languages extinct in the 18th century Unclassified languages of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coconuco Language
Coconuco, also known as Coconucan, Guambiano, Misak, and Nam Trik, is a dialect cluster of Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ... spoken by the Guambiano indigenous people. Though the three varieties, Guambiano, recently extinct Totoró, and the long-extinct Coconuco are traditionally called languages, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) believe that they are best treated as a single language. Totoró is now extinct; it had 4 speakers in 1998 out of an ethnic population of 4,000. Guambiano, on the other hand, is vibrant and growing. Coconucan was for a time mistakenly included in a spurious Paezan language family, due to a purported "Moguex" (Guambiano) vocabulary that turned out to be a mix of Páez and Guambiano (Curnow 1998). Phonology The Guambiano inventory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Totoro Language
Totoró is a Barbacoan language formerly spoken in southwestern Colombia, in Cauca Department by the Totorós, who number about 1,000 people. The language went extinct recently, with just 4 speakers in 1998. Classification Totoro, along with Guambiano and the long-extinct Coconuco language, form a subgroup of the Barbacoan languages Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. Genealogical relations The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan language .... These language varieties are sometimes considered to be dialectes of one Coconucan language. Within the Barbacoan family, Coconucan and Awa Pit constitute the northern branch of it. References Bibliography * * * (es) Geny Gonzales Castaño, « “Nosotros teníamos que ser diferentes” Apuntes para una reflexión sobre el alfabeto de la lengua nam trik », dans Tulio Rojas Curieux, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guambiano Language
Guambiano, also called Misak, Namuy Wam, Nam Trik or Moguex is a Barbacoan language spoken in southwestern Colombia, in Cauca Department by the Guambianos, whose population is estimated at 20 782 people. Classification Guambiano, along with Totoró and the long-extinct Coconuco language, form a distinct subgroup of the Barbacoan languages. Often, these languages are considered dialects of one Coconucan language. Within the Barbacoan family, the Coconucan languages and Awa Pit constitute the northern branch of it. Phonology The following tables show the phonemes of Guambiano. Vowels Consonants Vocabulary Sample text Below is the Lord's Prayer The Lord's Prayer, also known by its incipit Our Father (, ), is a central Christian prayer attributed to Jesus. It contains petitions to God focused on God’s holiness, will, and kingdom, as well as human needs, with variations across manusc ... translated into Guambiano. References Bibliography * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muellama Language
Muellama (Muellamués) is an extinct Barbacoan language Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. Genealogical relations The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages ... of Colombia. References Awan languages Extinct languages of South America Languages of Colombia {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasto Language
Pasto is a poorly attested Barbacoan language that was spoken by Indigenous people of Pasto, Colombia and Carchi Province Carchi () is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River rises on the slopes of Chiles volcano and forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador near Tulcan. Rumichaca Bridge is the most important land route between Colo ..., Ecuador. It is now extinct. ISO issue Prior to its retirement, the ISO name of the ISO code pb/code> was ''Barbacoas,'' the name of an extinct people who gave their name to the Barbacoan language family of which Pasto is a member, as well as to the Colombian town of Barbacoas. However, nothing is known of their language, one of several also known as Colima, and it can only be assumed to be part of the Barbacoan family. Such unattested, long-extinct languages are not normally assigned ISO codes. ''MultiTree'' conflates Barbacoas with neighboring Pasto, which is attested sufficiently for classification and as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
