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Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (), a microscopic sexual reproduction, sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are Asexual reproduction, asexual and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, yeast#Beer, brewers' and bakers' yeast, Xylaria, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''Cladonia'' belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the Basidiomycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or Teleomorph, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neolectomycetes
''Neolecta'' is a genus of ascomycetous fungi. The species share the English designation "Earth tongues" along with some better-known fungi (e.g. '' Geoglossum'', '' Microglossum'') with a similar general form, but in fact they are only distantly related. ''Neolecta'' is the only genus belonging to the family Neolectaceae, which is the only family belonging to the order Neolectales. ''Neolectales'', in turn, is the only order belonging to the class Neolectomycetes, which belongs to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota. Description Fruiting bodies take the shape of unbranched to lobed bright yellowish, orangish to pale yellow-green colored, club-shaped, smooth, fleshy columns up to about tall. ''Neolecta'' fruitbodies consist of hyphae and a hymenium. The hymenium lacks paraphyses and the asci lack croziers, which makes the genus distinctive among other earth-tongues. '' Neolecta vitellina'' forms masses of conidia by budding, hinting at the possibility that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina is the largest subdivision of Ascomycota, containing the filamentous ascomycetes and most lichenized fungi. It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding. This subdivision includes almost all ascus fungi that have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye, except for the genus '' Neolecta'', which belongs to Taphrinomycotina. See the taxobox for a list of the classes that make up the Pezizomycotina. The old class Loculoascomycetes (consisting of all the bitunicate Ascomycota) has been replaced by the two classes Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes. The rest of the Pezizomycotina also include the previously defined hymenial groups Discomycetes (now Leotiomycetes) and Pyrenomycetes ( Sordariomycetes). Some important groups in Pezizomycotina include: Pezizomycetes (the operculate discomycetes), Leotiomycetes (the inoperculate discomycetes), Laboulbeniomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the kingdom Fungi. It comprises most of the ascomycete yeasts. The members of Saccharomycotina reproduce by budding and they do not produce ascocarps (fruiting bodies). The subdivision includes a single class: Saccharomycetes, which again contains a single order: Saccharomycetales. Notable members of Saccharomycotina are the baker's yeast ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and the genus ''Candida (fungus), ''Candida'''' that includes several human pathogens. Etymology The name comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον (''sákkharon''), meaning "sugar" and μύκης (''mukēs'') meaning "fungus". History and economic importance Historical records from ancient Egypt and China describe the processes of brewing and baking from 10,000 to 8,000 years ago, and the production of fermented beverages and foods seems to have paralleled the beginning of agriculture. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taphrinomycotina
The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascomycetes; archea = ancient). Recent molecular studies suggest that the group is monophyletic and basal to the rest of the Ascomycota. The major taxa are Schizosaccharomycetes, Taphrinomycetes, Neolectomycetes, and Pneumocystis. The Schizosaccharomycetes are the yeasts (e.g. '' Schizosaccharomyces'') that reproduce by fission rather than budding, unlike most other yeasts, many of which are in the subdivision Saccharomycotina. The Taphrinomycetes are dimorphic plant parasites (e.g. '' Taphrina'') with both a yeast state and a filamentous ( hyphal) state in infected plants. They characteristically infect leaves, catkins, and branches, not roots. Taphrinomycetes form asci but no ascomata. The Neolectomycetes are species in a single genus, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats. Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals. The name Sordariomycetes is derived from the Latin ''sordes'' (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class. In 2013, it consisted of 3 subclasses, 12 orders, 600 genera and 3000 species, Then by 2015, it had 3 subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. This has increased to 4 subclasses and 54 orders in 2020. It then increased to 6 subclasses and 54 orders in 2023. In May 2023, the GBIF listed 26,295 species in Sordariomycetes. Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurotiomycetes
Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina, currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life. It is the third largest lichenized class, with more than 1200 lichen species that are mostly bitunicate in the formation of asci. It contains most of the fungi previously known morphologically as " Plectomycetes". Systematics and phylogeny Internal relationships The class Eurotiomycetes was circumscribed in 1997 by Swedish mycologists Ove Erik Eriksson and Katarina Winka. At that time it only contained the order Eurotiales, which together with the next order added, Onygenales, form a monophyletic group comprising most of the fungi in "Plectomycetes", a group no longer in use that unified fungi under exclusively morphological characteristics. As more orders were added to Eurotiomycetes, the first two along with Arachnomycetales became constrained to the first subclass, Eurotiomycetida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orbiliomycetes
The Orbiliaceae are a family (biology), family of saprobic sac fungus, sac fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic class Orbiliomycetes and the monotypic order (biology), order Orbiliales. The family was first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932 and now contains 288 species in 12 genus, genera. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in temperate regions. Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes. Description Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces ascoma, fruit bodies. They have small disc-shaped apothecia, that are typically convex, brightly colored or translucent. Their ascospores are small (typically less than 10 x 1 micrometre, μm), hyaline, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape. Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats. Anamorph species are Hyphomycetes, hyphomycetous. Nematophagy This f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoglossomycetes
Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes. These fungi are broadly known as earth tongues. The ascocarps of most species in the family Geoglossaceae are terrestrial and are generally small, dark in color, and club-shaped with a height of 2–8 cm. The ascospores are typically light-brown to dark-brown and are often multiseptate. Other species of fungi have been known to parasitize ascocarps. The use of a compound microscope is needed for accurate identification. Systematics The fungi that are now included in the fungal class Geoglossomycetes were previously considered by mycologists to be a family (Geoglossaceae) within the class Leotiomycetes. The family Geoglossaceae ''sensu lato'' was previously defined with 6 genera and 48 species. Early molecular evidence using ribosomal DNA suggested that Geoglossaceae ''sensu lato'' was not a monophyletic group, and that the hyaline spored genera (e.g. '' Leotia'', '' Microglossum'', and ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coniocybomycetes
The Coniocybaceae are the sole family of lichen-forming fungi in the Coniocybales, which itself is the only order in the class Coniocybomycetes. Taxonomy The family was circumscribed by Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach in 1837. Both the order and the class were proposed by Maria Prieto and Mats Wedin in 2013 after molecular phylogenetics analysis of various calicioid lichens showed that the Coniocybaceae represented an early diverging lineage in the inoperculate ascomycetes. Description Coniocybomycetes lichens form symbiotic relationships with various types of green algae, including '' Dictyochloropsis'', '' Stichococcus'', '' Trentepohlia'', and members of the group. The most distinctive feature of these lichens is their stalked reproductive structures called apothecia. These structures have a spherical to cone-shaped head () and contain a powdery mass of spores called a , which can range from brown to pale in colour. The apothecia's outer protective layer () varies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lahmiales
''Lahmia'' is a genus of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungi. It is the only genus in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ... Lahmiaceae and the order Lahmiales . The genus name of ''Lahmia'' is in honour of Johann Gottlieb Franz-Xaver Lahm (1811-1888), who was a German clergyman and botanist (Lichenology and Mycology). The genus of ''Lahmia'' was circumscribed by Gustav Wilhelm Koerber in Parerga Lichenol on page 281 in 1861. References Pezizomycotina Leotiomycetes genera Taxa described in 1861 Taxa named by Gustav Wilhelm Körber {{ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are obligatorily associated with arthropods, either as external parasites ( Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales) or for dispersal ( Pyxidiophorales). Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales fungi are minute; their fruiting bodies, referred to as ''thalli'', commonly measure less than one millimeter. They live on the antennae, the mouthparts or other body regions of their arthropod hosts. Although several species of Laboulbeniomycetes have more or less extensive, root-like hyphal systems ( haustoria) inside their hosts, as a group these fungi are relatively harmless to their hosts. These fungi occur usually only on adult hosts; apparently immature arthropods eliminate them during ecdysis (adult arthropods no longer molt). Some thallus-forming species are dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
