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Armillaria
''Armillaria'' is a genus of fungi that includes the '' A. mellea'' species ('honey fungus') that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as ''A. mellea''. ''Armillaria'' sp. are long-lived and form the largest living fungi in the world. The largest known specimen (an ''A. ostoyae'') covers more than in Oregon and is estimated to be 2,500 years old. Some species of ''Armillaria'' display bioluminescence. ''Armillaria'' can be a destructive forest pathogen. It causes "white rot" root disease. As it feeds on dead plant material, it can kill its host with little negative effect to itself. Taxonomy The name ''Armillaria'' was defined in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries, but at that time most gilled mushrooms were considered to belong to genus ''Agaricus'' and ''Armillaria'' was only a subgenus (a "tribe"). In 1857, Friedrich Staude established the independent genus. ''Armillaria'' species morphologically similar t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armillaria Ostoyae
''Armillaria'' is a genus of fungi that includes the ''Armillaria mellea, A. mellea'' species ('honey fungus') that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as ''A. mellea''. ''Armillaria'' sp. are long-lived and form the Largest organisms, largest living fungi in the world. The largest known specimen (an Armillaria ostoyae, ''A. ostoyae'') covers more than in Oregon and is estimated to be 2,500 years old. Some species of ''Armillaria'' display bioluminescence. ''Armillaria'' can be a destructive forest pathology, forest pathogen. It causes Armillaria root rot, "white rot" root disease. As it feeds on dead plant material, it can kill its host with little negative effect to itself. Taxonomy The name ''Armillaria'' was defined in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries, but at that time most gilled mushrooms were considered to belong to genus ''Agaricus'' and ''Armillaria'' was only a subgenus (a "tribe"). In 1857, Friedrich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armillaria Mellea
''Armillaria mellea'', commonly known as honey fungus, is an edible basidiomycete fungus in the genus ''Armillaria''. It is a plant pathogen and part of a cryptic species complex of closely related and Morphology (biology), morphologically similar species. It causes Armillaria root rot in many plant species and produces mushrooms around the base of trees it has infected. The symptoms of infection appear in the crowns of infected trees as discoloured foliage, reduced growth, Forest dieback, dieback of the branches and death. The mycelium is capable of producing light via bioluminescence. The mushroom is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It typically grows on hardwoods but may be found around and on other living and dead wood or in open areas. Taxonomy The species was originally named ''Agaricus melleus'' by Danish-Norwegian botanist Martin Vahl in 1790; it was transferred to the genus ''Armillaria'' in 1871 by Paul Kummer. Numerous Taxon, subtaxa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armillaria Root Rot
Armillaria root rot is a fungal root rot caused by several different members of the genus ''Armillaria''. The symptoms are variable depending on the host infected, ranging from stunted leaves to chlorotic needles and dieback of twigs and branches. However, all infected hosts display symptoms characteristic of being infected by a white rotting fungus. The most effective ways of management focus on limiting the spread of the fungus, planting resistant species, and removing infected material. This disease poses a threat to the lumber industry as well as affecting recreational areas. Hosts and symptoms Because this disease is caused by multiple species within the genus ''Armillaria'', it has an extremely broad host range. Hundreds of trees and shrubs are susceptible to root rot to varying degrees. In fact, the only two genera of tree known to be resistant to Armillaria root rot are larch and birch. Further investigation is being conducted for additional species, but at thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizomorpha
''Rhizomorpha'' is a genus of fungi that was created for species known only by their mycelial cords ("rhizomorphs") and so impossible to classify within the normal taxonomic system, which is based on reproductive structures. Origin and naming Mycelial cords, or rhizomorphs, are long strands sent out by some fungi to colonize new space and absorb nutrients. They typically run along the ground or under bark, but may also hang in the air. They are complex structures, big enough to be seen with the naked eye, and they should not be confused with the microscopic thread-like cells (hyphae) of which they are composed. Fungi are generally classified according to their sexual or asexual spore-bearing organs (including fruiting bodies where present), but where only sterile rhizomorphs were available, such species were put into genus ''Rhizomorpha'' even if they were not genetically related. The genus was created in 1791 by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth for an observation of material in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kari Korhonen (biologist)
Kari Korhonen (born July 24, 1943 in Sotkamo) is a Finnish mycologist and forest pathologist, known for his studies of fungi causing root rot. Korhonen graduated as a biologist from the University of Helsinki in 1968. He made his career as a researcher at the Finnish Forest Research Institute in Helsinki, beginning in 1973. From the start his research concentrated on the forest pathogen fungi then known as '' Heterobasidion annosum'' and ''Armillaria mellea''. During his career over 40 years he collected more than 4000 isolates of these species in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy, Greece, USA, Canada, Estonia, Belarus, Siberia and China. Initially, following Veikko Hintikka's discovery of a technique to distinguish between ''Armillaria'' species by growing them together as single spore isolates on petri dishes and observing changes in the morphology of the cultures, Korhonen showed in 1978 that the European ''Armillaria mellea'' species complex In biology, a species complex is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Largest Organisms
This article lists the largest organisms for various types of life and mostly considers extant species, which found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size. Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching but contains many organisms of many types of species. When considering singular entities, the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas. Pando, a clonal colony of the quaking aspen tree, is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass. Even if such colonies are excluded, trees retain their dominance of this listing, with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree. In 2006, a huge clonal colony of the seagrass '' Posidonia oceanica'' was discovered south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oregon
Oregon ( , ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is a part of the Western U.S., with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The 42nd parallel north, 42° north parallel delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. The western boundary is formed by the Pacific Ocean. Oregon has been home to many Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous nations for thousands of years. The first European traders, explorers, and settlers began exploring what is now Oregon's Pacific coast in the early to mid-16th century. As early as 1564, the Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest, Spanish began sending vessels northeast from the Philippines, riding the Kuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific. In 1592, Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Root Rot
Root rot is a condition in which anoxic conditions in the soil or potting media around the roots of a plant cause them to rot. This occurs due to excessive standing water around the roots.-Hydroponics Root Rot: What is It, How To Treat It, How to Prevent It''Origin Hydroponics.'' June 2, 2018 Root Rot In Your Hydroponic System: 4 Reasons (+ Solutions)''YOUR INDOOR HERBS AND GARDEN. n.d'' Tips For Preventing Root Rot In Hydroponics''Fresh Air With Housplants''. February 3, 2022. It is found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although it is more common in indoor plants due to overwatering, heavy potting media, or containers with poor drainage. The leaves of plants experiencing root rot often yellow and die, and if allowed to continue, the condition can be fatal to the plant. To avoid root rot, it is best to only water plants when the soil becomes dry, and to put the plant in a well-drained pot. Using a dense potting media such as one dug up from outdoors can also cause root ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycelial
Mycelium (: mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Its normal form is that of branched, slender, entangled, anastomosing, hyaline threads. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or may grow to span thousands of acres as in '' Armillaria''. Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forest Pathology
Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors. It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology. Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Abiotic factors There are a number of abiotic factors which affect the health of a forest, such as moisture issues like drought, winter-drying, waterlogging resulting from over-abundance or lack of precipitation such as hail, snow, rain. Wind is also an important abiotic factor as windthrow (the uprooting or breaking of trees due to high winds) causes an obvious and direct loss of stability to a forest or its trees. Often, abiotic factors and biotic factors will affect a forest at the same time. For example, if wind speed is 80 km per hour then man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the emission of light during a chemiluminescence reaction by living organisms. Bioluminescence occurs in multifarious organisms ranging from marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some Fungus, fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria, Dinoflagellate, dinoflagellates and terrestrial arthropods such as Firefly, fireflies. In some animals, the light is bacteriogenic, produced by symbiosis, symbiotic bacteria such as those from the genus ''Vibrio''; in others, it is autogenic, produced by the animals themselves. In most cases, the principal chemical reaction in bioluminescence involves the reaction of a substrate called luciferin and an enzyme, called luciferase. Because these are generic names, luciferins and luciferases are often distinguished by the species or group, e.g. firefly luciferin or Vargulin, cypridina luciferin. In all characterized cases, the enzyme Catalysis, catalyzes the Redox, oxidation of the luciferin resultin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
