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Arbayistan
Arbﾄ【istﾄ］ ( ｾrbstn; Middle Persian: ''Arbﾄ【istﾄ］'', ''Arﾄ『astﾄ］'', ''Arwﾄ《tﾄ］''; Armenian: ''Arvastan'') or Beth Arabaye ( Syriac: ''Bﾄ乍ｹｯ ﾊｿArbﾄ【ﾄ'') was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity. Due to its situation and its road systems, the province was a source of income from commercial traffic, as well as a constant area of contention during the Roman窶撤ersian Wars. The province reached across Upper Mesopotamia toward the Khabur and north to the lower districts of Armenia; it bordered Adiabene in the east, Armenia in the north and Asoristan in the south. On the west, it bordered the Roman provinces of Osroene and Mesopotamia. The principal city of the Arbayistan province was Nisibis and it also included the fortress of Sisauranon. Name ''Arbﾄ【istﾄ］'' (from Old Persian ''Arabﾄ【a-stﾄ］a'') is mentioned in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht. The terms ''Arbﾄ【istﾄ］'' and Syriac ''Beth ﾊｿArbaye'' literally mean "land of the Arabs", using the su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. In the 9th century BCE, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Throughout the Ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as Dilmun, Gerrha, and Magan (civilization), Magan, playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the History of the Mediterranean region, Mediterranean. Other prominent tribes include Midian, ﾊｿﾄd, and Thamud mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Bible and Quran. Later, in 900 BCE, the Qedarites enjoyed close relations with the nearby Canaan#Canaanites, Canaanite and Aramaeans, Aramaean states, and their territory extended from Lower Egypt to the Southern Levant. From 1200 BCE to 110 BCE, powerful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sisauranon
Sisauranon, Sisauronon (), Sisaurana, or Sarbane was a Sasanian fortress city in the province of Arbayistan, located to the east of Nisibis at the edge of the north Syrian plain. It was situated near the border with the Byzantine Empire. History Sisauranon is mentioned by Procopius in the 6th century. On linguistic grounds, it is identified with the way-station Sarbane in the 5th-century ''Tabula Peutingeriana'', and with the modern site of Sirvan on the Turkish窶鉄yrian border, whose name probably derives from the ancient settlement. The site is also variously mentioned as Sarbanon (ﾏ眇ｸ ﾎ｣ﾎｱﾏ∃ｲﾎｱﾎｽ眩ｶﾎｽ) in Theophanes the Confessor, Sisarbanon (ﾏ眇ｸ ﾎ｣ﾎｹﾏπｱﾏ∃ｲﾎｬﾎｽﾏ火ｽ) in Theophylact Simocatta, and Sisara in Ammianus Marcellinus, as well as the variant forms of Sisaurion (ﾎ｣ﾎｹﾏπｱﾏ済∃ｹﾎｿﾎｽ), Sisabranon (ﾎ｣ﾎｹﾏπｱﾎｲﾏ∃ｬﾎｽﾏ火ｽ), Isauranon (眈ｸﾏπｱﾏﾏ∃ｱﾎｽ眩ｶﾎｽ) in various manuscripts of Procopius. The locality of Sambure in the ''Ravenna Cosmography'' may also refer to the sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
-stan
-stan ( Persian: ﾘｳﾘｪﾘｧﾙ )(Sanskrit: ''sthﾄ］'' or ''sthﾄ］am)'' is a Persian suffix that has the meaning of "a place abounding in" or "place where anything abounds" as a suffix. It is widely used by Iranian languages (mainly Persian) and the Indic languages (mainly Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindustani) as well as the Turkic languages (excluding Siberian Turkic), Dravidic languages (mainly Brahui and Kannada) and other languages. The suffix appears in the names of many regions throughout West, Central and South Asia, and parts of the Caucasus and Russia. Etymology and cognates The suffix ''-stan'' is analogous to the suffix '' -land'', present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian and Sanskrit which are (, 爨金､伶･爨ｸ爭財､､爨ｾ爨ｨ), "place of sand, desert"; (, 爨伶･金､ｲ爭爨ｸ爭財､､爨ｾ爨ｨ), "place of flowers, garden"; (, 爨伶･≒､ｰ爭爨ｸ爭財､､爨ｾ爨ｨ), "graveyard, cemetery"; and '' Hendostﾃ｢n/Hindustan'' (, ), "Land of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shapur I's Inscription At The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
Shapur I's Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription (shortened as Shapur-KZ, ﾅKZ, SKZ), also referred to as The Great Inscription of Shapur I, and ''Res Gestae Divi Saporis'' (RGDS), is a trilingual inscription made during the reign of the Sasanian king Shapur I (240窶270) after his victories over the Romans. The inscription is carved on the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, a stone quadrangular and stepped structure located in Naqsh-e Rustam, an ancient necropolis located northwest of Persepolis, in today's Fars province, Iran. The inscription dates to . Content The inscription is written in Middle Persian, Parthian, and Greek, containing 35, 30, and 70 lines, respectively. The Middle Persian variant is partially damaged, while the Greek and Parthian versions are better preserved, although they are not exactly the same as the Middle Persian text. In this inscription, Shapur introduces himself, mentions his genealogy, enumerates the provinces of his empire, describes his campaigns against the Roman Emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasanian Provinces
The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign over ancient Iran was second only to the directly preceding Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the Iranian nation's dominions. Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia during the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighbouring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman窶的ranian Wars. This effort by Ardashir's dynasty ultimately re-established Iran as a major power of late an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasanian Armenia
Sasanian Armenia, also known as Persian Armenia and Persarmenia ( 窶 ''Parskahayastan''), may either refer to the periods in which Armenia ( 窶 ''Armin'') was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire or specifically to the parts of Armenia under its control such as after the partition of 387 when parts of western Armenia were incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire while the rest of Armenia came under Sasanian suzerainty but maintained its existing kingdom until 428. In 428, Armenian nobles petitioned Bahram V to depose Artaxias IV (r. 422);''Introduction to Christian Caucasian History:II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period'', Cyril Toumanoff, Traditio, Vol. 17, 1961, Fordham University, 6. Bahram V (r. 420窶438) abolished the Kingdom of Armenia and appointed Veh Mihr Shapur as ''marzban'' (governor of a frontier province, "margrave") of the country, which marked the start of a new era known as the Marzpanate period ( 窶 ''Marzpanakan Hayastan''), a perio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peace Of Nisibis (299)
The Peace of Nisibis of 299, also known as the First Peace of Nisibis, was a peace treaty signed in 299 by the Roman and Sasanian empires, and concluded the Roman窶鉄asanian War of 296窶299. The border established as a result of the treaty was maintained until the Second Peace of Nisibis of 363. The terms of the treaty are known from a 6th-century summary of its content by Peter the Patrician during the reign of Justinian I. Background During the Roman窶鉄asanian War of 296窶299, despite earlier successes in Mesopotamia, the Sasanian Shah Narseh was defeated by the Roman Caesar Galerius in Armenia in two successive battles. In the second encounter, the Battle of Satala in 298, following their victory on the field, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife. Galerius continued south through Sasanian territory and captured the Sasanian capital, Ctesiphon, before returning to Roman territory. In 298, Narseh sent his ambassador Apharban to negotiat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; ) was the second Sasanian Empire, Sasanian King of Kings of Iran. The precise dating of his reign is disputed, but it is generally agreed that he ruled from 240 to 270, with his father Ardashir I as co-regent until the death of the latter in 242. During his co-regency, he helped his father with the conquest and destruction of the city of Hatra, whose fall was facilitated, according to Islamic tradition, by the actions of his future wife al-Nadirah. Shapur also consolidated and expanded the empire of Ardashir I, waged war against the Roman Empire, and seized its cities of Nusaybin, Nisibis and Harran, Carrhae while he was advancing as far as Roman Syria. Although he was defeated at the Battle of Resaena in 243 by Roman emperor Gordian III (), the following year he was able to win the Battle of Misiche and force the new Roman emperor Philip the Arab () to sign a favorable peace treaty that was regarded by the Romans as "a most shameful treaty". Sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shah
Shﾄ” (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara and the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, and various Afghan dynasties, as well as among Gurkhas. With regard to Iranian history, in particular, each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state, but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great. To this end, he was more emphatically known as the Shﾄ”anshﾄ” ( ), meaning " King of Kings" since the Achaemenid dynasty. A roughly equivalent title is Pﾄ‥ishﾄ” (; ), which was most widespread during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent. Etymology The word descends from Old Persian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Of Kings
King of Kings, ''Mepet mepe''; , group="n" was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Commonly associated with History of Iran, Iran (historically known as name of Iran, Persia in Western world, the West), especially the Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid and Sasanian Empires, the title was originally introduced during the Middle Assyrian Empire by King Tukulti-Ninurta I (reigned 1233窶1197 BC) and was subsequently used in a number of different kingdoms and empires, including the aforementioned Persia, various History of Greece, Hellenic kingdoms, History of India, India, History of Armenia, Armenia, History of Georgia (country), Georgia, and History of Ethiopia, Ethiopia. The title is commonly seen as equivalent to that of Emperor, both titles outranking that of king in prestige, stemming from the Late antiquity, late antique Roman emperor, Roman and List of Byzantine emperors, Eastern Roman emperors who saw the ''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geo Widengren
Geo Widengren (24 April 1907 窶 28 January 1996) was a Swedish historian of religions, professor of history of religions at Uppsala University, orientalist and Iranist. Widengren wrote a series of works on Iranian religions (in particular Manicheism and Zoroastrism), Islam, Judaism, Gnosticism, etc. His most popular works include ''Die Religion Irans'', published in 1965 (Les ''Religions de l'Iran'', 1968). Widengren has been considered "one of the most famous historians of religions of the twentieth century". Academic career Geo Widengren was born and grew up in Stockholm. He did military service in the years 1925-27 and was appointed as a fﾃ､hnrich at the Military Academy Karlberg. He participated as a volunteer in the Swedish Volunteer Corps in the Winter War. Widengren studied history of religions at Stockholm University for his mentor Tor Andrae until 1933 and received his doctorate at the Faculty of Theology in Uppsala in 1936. His doctoral thesis was entitled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as (Iranian).''cf.'' , p. 2. Old Persian is close to both Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit, and all three languages are highly inflected. Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets and seals of the Achaemenid era ( to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran, Romania ( Gherla), Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt, with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 522 BCE). In 2007, research into the vast Persepolis Administrative Archives at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display. Orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
