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Ammine Complexes
In coordination chemistry, metal ammine complexes are metal complexes containing at least one ammonia () ligand. "Ammine" is spelled this way for historical reasons; in contrast, alkyl or aryl bearing ligands are spelt with a single "m". Almost all metal ions bind ammonia as a ligand, but the most prevalent examples of ammine complexes are for Cr(III), Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) as well as several platinum group metals.A. von Zelewsky "Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds" John Wiley: Chichester, 1995. . History Ammine complexes played a major role in the development of coordination chemistry, specifically determination of the stereochemistry and structure. They are easily prepared, and the metal-nitrogen ratio can be determined by elemental analysis. Through studies mainly on the ammine complexes, Alfred Werner developed his Nobel Prize-winning concept of the structure of coordination compounds (see Figure). Originally salts of [Co(NH3)6]3+ were described as the ''luteo'' (Lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platinum Group Metals
The platinum-group metals (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits. However, they can be further subdivided into the ''iridium-group platinum-group elements'' (IPGEs: Os, Ir, Ru) and the ''palladium-group platinum-group elements'' (PPGEs: Rh, Pt, Pd) based on their behaviour in geological systems. The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table (iron, nickel and cobalt) are all ferromagnetic; these, together with the lanthanide element gadolinium (at temperatures below 20 °C), are the only known transition metals that display ferromagnetism near room temperature. History Naturally occurring platinum an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Of Crystallization
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a chemical substance, substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the Crystal structure, crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt (chemistry), salt, which is not directly chemical bond, bonded to the metal cation. Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many chemical compound, compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost. Compared to Inorganic compound, inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexamminecobalt(III) Chloride
Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex [Co(NH3)6]3+, which is considered an archetypal "Werner complex", named after the pioneer of coordination chemistry, Alfred Werner. The cation itself is a metal ammine complex with six ammonia ligands attached to the cobalt(III) ion. Properties and structure [Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic, with a Ligand field theory#High and low spin and the spectrochemical series, low-spin 3d6 octahedral molecular geometry, octahedral Co(III) center. The cation obeys the 18-electron rule and is considered to be a classic example of an exchange inert metal complex. As a manifestation of its inertness, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 can be recrystallized unchanged from concentrated hydrochloric acid: the NH3 is so tightly bound to the Co(III) centers that it does not dissociate to allow its protonation. In contrast, labile metal ammine complexes, such as [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2, react ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counteranion
160px, cation-exchange_resin.html" ;"title="Polystyrene sulfonate, a cation-exchange resin">Polystyrene sulfonate, a cation-exchange resin, is typically supplied with as the counterion. In chemistry, a counterion (sometimes written as "counter ion", pronounced as such) is the ion that accompanies an Ionic compound, ionic species in order to maintain Electric charge, electric neutrality. In table salt (NaCl, also known as sodium chloride) the sodium ion (positively charged) is the counterion for the chloride ion (negatively charged) and vice versa. A counterion will be more commonly referred to as an anion or a cation, depending on whether it is negatively or positively charged. Thus, the counterion to an anion will be a cation, and vice versa. In biochemistry, counterions are generally vaguely defined. Depending on their charge, proteins are associated with a variety of smaller anions and cations. In plant cells, the anion malate is often accumulated in the vacuole to decrea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reinecke's Salt
Reinecke's salt is an inorganic compound with the formula . The dark-red crystalline compound is soluble in boiling water, acetone, and ethanol. It can be classified as a metal isothiocyanate complex. Structure, preparation, reactions The chromium atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry. The ligands are mutually ''trans'' and the groups are linear. The salt crystallizes with one molecule of water. It was first reported in 1863. is prepared by treatment of molten (melting point around ) with . This salt was once widely used to precipitate primary and secondary amines as their ammonium salts. Included in the amines that effectively form crystalline precipitates are those derived from the amino acids, including proline and hydroxyproline (2''S'',4''R'')-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline ( C5 H9 O3 N), is an amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp or O, ''e.g.'', in Protein Data Bank. Structure and discovery In 1902, Hermann Emil Fischer isolated hydr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungency, pungent smell. It is classified as a acid strength, strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical. Etymology Because it was produced from halite, rock salt according to the methods of Johann Rudolph Glauber, hydrochloric acid was historically called by European alchemists ''spirits of salt'' or ''acidum salis'' (salt acid). Both names are still used, especially in other languages, such as , , , , , , , , , , (''ensan''), zh, 盐酸 (''yánsuān''), and (''yeomsan''). Gaseous HCl was called ''marine acid air''. The name ''muriatic acid'' has the same origin (''muriatic'' means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence ''muriate'' means hydrochloride), and this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexamminecobalt(III) Chloride
Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex [Co(NH3)6]3+, which is considered an archetypal "Werner complex", named after the pioneer of coordination chemistry, Alfred Werner. The cation itself is a metal ammine complex with six ammonia ligands attached to the cobalt(III) ion. Properties and structure [Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic, with a Ligand field theory#High and low spin and the spectrochemical series, low-spin 3d6 octahedral molecular geometry, octahedral Co(III) center. The cation obeys the 18-electron rule and is considered to be a classic example of an exchange inert metal complex. As a manifestation of its inertness, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 can be recrystallized unchanged from concentrated hydrochloric acid: the NH3 is so tightly bound to the Co(III) centers that it does not dissociate to allow its protonation. In contrast, labile metal ammine complexes, such as [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2, react ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metal Dinitrogen Complex
Transition metal dinitrogen complexes are coordination compounds that contain transition metals as ion centers the dinitrogen molecules (N2) as ligands. Historical background Transition metal complexes of N2 have been studied since 1965 when the first complex was reported by Allen and Senoff. This diamagnetic complex, 2+">u(NH3)5(N2)sup>2+, was synthesized from hydrazine hydrate and ruthenium trichloride and consists of a u(NH3)5sup>2+ centre attached to one end of N2. The existence of N2 as a ligand in this compound was identified by IR spectrum with a strong band around 2170–2100 cm−1. In 1966, the molecular structure of u(NH3)5(N2)l2 was determined by Bottomly and Nyburg by X-ray crystallography. The dinitrogen complex ''trans''- rCl(N2)(PPh3)2is made by treating Vaska's complex with aromatic acyl azides. It has a planar geometry. The first preparation of a metal-dinitrogen complex using dinitrogen was reported in 1967 by Yamamoto and coworkers. They obtai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboplatin
Carboplatin, sold under the brand name Paraplatin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of forms of cancer. This includes ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, and neuroblastoma. It is administered by injection into a vein sometimes via a port. Side effects generally occur. Common side effects include low blood cell levels, nausea, and electrolyte problems. Other serious side effects include allergic reactions and mutagenesis. It may be carcinogenic, but further research is needed to confirm this. Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby. Carboplatin is in the platinum-based antineoplastic family of medications and works by interfering with duplication of DNA. Carboplatin was developed as a less toxic analogue of cisplatin. It was patented in 1972 and approved for medical use in 1989. It is on the 2023 World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Carboplatin is used to treat a n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentamminerhodium Chloride
Pentamminechlororhodium dichloride is the dichloride salt of the coordination complex . It is a yellow, water-soluble solid. The salt is an intermediate in the purification of rhodium from its ores. As shown by X-ray crystallography, the salt consists of the octahedral complex and two chloride counterions. It forms from the reaction of rhodium trichloride and ammonia in ethanol. Two chloride anions are labile, whereas the coordinated chloride ligand is not. Treatment of with zinc dust in the presence of ammonia gives the hydride complex hH(NH3)5sup>2+. Related compounds *Chloropentamminecobalt chloride Chloropentamminecobalt chloride is the dichloride salt of the coordination complex o(NH3)5Cl+. It is a red-violet, diamagnetic, water-soluble salt. The compound has been of academic and historical interest. Synthesis and reactions The sa ... *Chloropentammineiridium chloride References {{Rhodium compounds Chlorides Rhodium(III) compounds Ammine complexes Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
