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Allethrins
The allethrins are a group of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides. They are classified as pyrethroids, i.e. synthetic versions of pyrethrin, a chemical with insecticidal properties found naturally in ''Chrysanthemum'' flowers. They were first synthesized in the United States by Milton S. Schechter in 1949. Allethrin was the first pyrethroid. They are commonly used in ultra-low volume sprays for outdoor mosquito control, and in many household insecticides such as RAID, as well as mosquito coils. Chemical structure Allethrin I and allethrin II differ by having a methyl group and a methyl ester, respectively, on one terminus. Each of these allethrins consists of the eight possible stereoisomers. A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin I, consisting of only two stereoisomers in an approximate ratio of 1:1, is called bioallethrin. The same mixture of isomers, but in an approximate ratio of 3:1, is known as esbiothrin. Toxicity Chronic exposure to allethrins alters the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bioallethrin
Bioallethrin is a brand name for an ectoparasiticide. It consists of two of the eight stereoisomers of allethrin I in an approximate ratio of 1:1. The name ''Bioallethrin'' is a registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical. ''Esbiothrin'' (CAS number ) is a mixture of the same two stereoisomers, but in an approximate ratio of ''R'':''S'' = 1:3. ''Esbioallethrin'' or ''S-bioallethrin'' (CAS number A CAS Registry Number (also referred to as CAS RN or informally CAS Number) is a unique identification number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), US to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature. It inclu ... ) is the pure ''S''-form (that is, the wedge in the structure as shown in the box points down). The name bioallethrin is a common name approved by the British Standards Institution and published in. It is also included in British Approved Names 2017 and earlier editions. References Allethrins Allyl compounds {{antiinfective-drug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pyrethrin
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from ''Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium'' that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. Pyrethrin naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers and is often considered an organic insecticide when it is not combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic adjuvants.Mader, Eric, and Nancy Lee Adamson. "Organic-Approved Pesticides."Organic-Approved Pesticides (n.d.): n. pag. The Xerxes Society. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. Their insecticidal and insect-repellent properties have been known and used for thousands of years. Pyrethrins are gradually replacing organophosphates and organochlorides as the pesticides of choice as the latter compounds have been shown to have significant and persistent toxic effects to humans.They first appeared on markets in the 1900's and have been continually used since then in products such as bug bombs, bui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Raid (insecticide)
Raid is the brand name of a line of insecticide products produced by S. C. Johnson & Son, first launched in 1956. The initial active ingredient was the first synthetic pyrethroid, allethrin. Raid derivatives aimed at particular invertebrate species can contain other active agents such as the more toxic cyfluthrin. Currently Raid Ant & Roach Killer contains pyrethroids, imiprothrin, and cypermethrin; other products contain tetramethrin, prallethrin and permethrin as active ingredients. Raid Flying Insect Killer, a spray, uses piperonyl butoxide and D- phenothrin. "Raid Kills Bugs Dead" slogan The product's original advertising tagline from its introduction in 1956 until 2017, "Raid Kills Bugs Dead", was created by the advertising agency Foote, Cone & Belding. The phrase itself is often attributed to the poet Lew Welch, who worked for the agency at the time. The line was first used in commerce in 1966 and was trademarked in 1986. Noted animation director Tex Avery w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bioallethrin
Bioallethrin is a brand name for an ectoparasiticide. It consists of two of the eight stereoisomers of allethrin I in an approximate ratio of 1:1. The name ''Bioallethrin'' is a registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical. ''Esbiothrin'' (CAS number ) is a mixture of the same two stereoisomers, but in an approximate ratio of ''R'':''S'' = 1:3. ''Esbioallethrin'' or ''S-bioallethrin'' (CAS number A CAS Registry Number (also referred to as CAS RN or informally CAS Number) is a unique identification number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), US to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature. It inclu ... ) is the pure ''S''-form (that is, the wedge in the structure as shown in the box points down). The name bioallethrin is a common name approved by the British Standards Institution and published in. It is also included in British Approved Names 2017 and earlier editions. References Allethrins Allyl compounds {{antiinfective-drug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pyrethroids
A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums ('' Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium'' and '' C. coccineum''). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and household insecticides. In household concentrations pyrethroids are generally harmless to humans. However, pyrethroids are toxic to insects such as bees, dragonflies, mayflies, gadflies, and some other invertebrates, including those that constitute the base of aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Pyrethroids are toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish.Pyrethroids fact sheet from the Illinois Department of Public Health. They have been shown to be an effective control measure for malaria outbreaks, through indoor applications. Mode of action Pyrethr ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide. The WHO was established on 7 April 1948. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly (WHA), the agency's governing body, took place on 24 July of that year. The WHO incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the League of Nations' Health Organization and the , including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Its work began in earnest in 1951 after a significant infusion of financial and technical resources. The WHO's mandate seeks and includes: working worldwide to promote health, keeping the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. It advocates that a billion more people should have: universal health care ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Glucuronosyltransferase
Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase ( UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) is a microsomal glycosyltransferase () that catalyzes the transfer of the glucuronic acid component of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule. This is a glucuronidation reaction. ''Alternative names:'' *glucuronyltransferase *UDP-glucuronyl transferase *UDP-GT Function Glucuronosyltransferases are responsible for the process of glucuronidation, a major part of phase II metabolism. Arguably the most important of the Phase II (conjugative) enzymes, UGTs have been the subject of increasing scientific inquiry since the mid-to-late 1990s. The reaction catalyzed by the UGT enzyme involves the addition of a glucuronic acid moiety to xenobiotics and is the most important pathway for the human body's elimination of the most frequently prescribed drugs. It is also the major pathway for foreign chemical (dietary, environmental, pharmaceutical) removal for most drugs, dietary substances, toxin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isoforms have unique functions. A set of protein isoforms may be formed from alternative splicings, variable promoter usage, or other post-transcriptional modifications of a single gene; post-translational modifications are generally not considered. (For that, see Proteoforms.) Through RNA splicing mechanisms, mRNA has the ability to select different protein-coding segments (exons) of a gene, or even different parts of exons from RNA to form different mRNA sequences. Each unique sequence produces a specific form of a protein. The discovery of isoforms could explain the discrepancy between the small number of protein coding regions genes revealed by the human genome project and the large diversity of proteins seen in an organism: differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Methyl Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties. '' Nomenclature Etymology The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |