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1886 In Science
The year 1886 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * Dorothea Klumpke takes up a post at the Paris Observatory, becoming Director of the Bureau of Measurements. Chemistry * February 6 – German chemist Clemens Winkler discovers the chemical element Germanium. * June 26 – Henri Moissan reports the successful isolation of elemental fluorine by electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride. * The iodine clock reaction is discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt. Exploration * December 17 – English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884. History of science * Dugald Clerk publishes ''The Gas and Oil Engine'' in London. Mathematics * English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth is the first to use ordered Bell numbers to count the number of weak orderings of a set. Medicine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical object, astronomical body (e.g. a planet or natural satellite, moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth. The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan's circumnavigation, Magellan Expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean, Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and List of circumnavigations#Miscellaneous, less conventional methods. Etymology The word ''circumnavigation'' is a noun formed from the verb ''circumnavigate'', from the past participle of the Latin verb ''circumnavigare'', from ''circum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woman's Medical College Of Pennsylvania
Founded in 1850, The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP), formally known as The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, was the first American medical college dedicated to teaching women medicine and allowing them to earn the Doctor of Medicine degree. In 1867, the college was renamed the Woman's Medical College. The college has trained thousands of women physicians from all over the world, many of whom went on to practice medicine internationally. History The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania known as one of the earliest women's colleges designed for teaching woman medicine has a notable history. Established by forward-thinking Quakers, the college was a testament to their belief in women's right to education and their conviction that women should have the opportunity to become physicians. The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania provided educational opportunities and medical training to women of various backgrounds. Some of these pioneers were among the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1887 In Science
The year 1887 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Astronomy * April – Carte du Ciel project initiated by Paris Observatory director Amédée Mouchez. * Theodor von Oppolzer's ''Canon of Eclipses, Canon der Finsternisse'', a compilation of the 8,000 solar and 5,200 lunar eclipses from 1200 BC until 2161 AD, is published posthumously. Biology * Jean Pierre Mégnin publishes ''Faune des Tombeaux'' ("Fauna of the Tombs"), the founding work of modern forensic entomology. * Sergei Winogradsky discovers the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with ''Beggiatoa''. * The Petri dish is created by German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri. Chemistry * Amphetamine is first synthesized in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who names it ''phenylisopropylamine''. * Otto Schott produces 'Normalthermometerglas' (family of Borosilicate glass) for the first time. Cartography * Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection developed by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anandi Gopal Joshi
Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi, (Marathi: ; 31 March 1865 – 26 February 1887) was the first Indian female doctor of western medicine along with Kadambini Ganguly. She was the first woman from the erstwhile Bombay presidency of British India to study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in the United States. She was also referred to as ''Anandibai Joshi'' and ''Anandi Gopal Joshi'' (where ''Gopal'' came from ''Gopalrao'', her husband's first name). Early life Anandi bai Joshi birth name was Yamuna and she was born in Kalyan, on 31 March 1865, the fifth of nine children. She was raised in a Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin family Keeping with the traditions of the time and under the pressure from her mother, she was married at the age of nine to Gopalrao Joshi, who was a widower and twenty years older than her. After marriage, Yamuna's husband renamed her 'Anandi'. Gopalrao Joshi worked as a postal clerk in Kalyan. Later, he was transferred to Alibag, and then, finally, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian People
Indian people or Indians are the Indian nationality law, citizens and nationals of the India, Republic of India or people who trace their ancestry to India. While the demonym "Indian" applies to people originating from the present-day India, it was also used as the identifying term for people originating from what is now Bangladeshi diaspora, Bangladesh and Pakistani diaspora, Pakistan prior to the Partition of India in 1947. In 2022, the population of India stood at 1.4 billion people, of various Indian ethnic groups, ethnic groups. According to United Nations forecasts, India overtook China as the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country by the end of April 2023, containing 17.50 percent of the global population. In addition to the Indian population, the Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India, Indian overseas diaspora also boasts large numbers, particularly in former British Empire, British colonies due to the historical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weak Ordering
In mathematics, especially order theory, a weak ordering is a mathematical formalization of the intuitive notion of a ranking of a set (mathematics), set, some of whose members may be Tie (draw), tied with each other. Weak orders are a generalization of totally ordered sets (rankings without ties) and are in turn generalized by (strictly) partially ordered sets and preorders.. There are several common ways of formalizing weak orderings, that are different from each other but Cryptomorphism, cryptomorphic (interconvertable with no loss of information): they may be axiomatized as strict weak orderings (strictly partially ordered sets in which incomparability is a transitive relation), as total preorders (transitive binary relations in which at least one of the two possible relations exists between every pair of elements), or as ordered partitions (partition of a set, partitions of the elements into disjoint subsets, together with a total order on the subsets). In many cases anot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordered Bell Number
In number theory and enumerative combinatorics, the ordered Bell numbers or Fubini numbers count the weak orderings on a set of n elements. Weak orderings arrange their elements into a sequence allowing ties, such as might arise as the outcome of a horse race. The ordered Bell numbers were studied in the 19th century by Arthur Cayley and William Allen Whitworth. They are named after Eric Temple Bell, who wrote about the Bell numbers, which count the partitions of a set; the ordered Bell numbers count partitions that have been equipped with a total order. Their alternative name, the Fubini numbers, comes from a connection to Guido Fubini and Fubini's theorem on equivalent forms of multiple integrals. Because weak orderings have many names, ordered Bell numbers may also be called by those names, for instance as the numbers of preferential arrangements or the numbers of asymmetric generalized weak orders. These numbers may be computed via a summation formula involving binomial coe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Allen Whitworth
William Allen Whitworth (1 February 1840 – 12 March 1905) was an English mathematician and a priest in the Church of England.. Education and mathematical career Whitworth was born in Runcorn; his father, William Whitworth, was a school headmaster, and he was the oldest of six siblings. He was schooled at the Sandicroft School in Northwich and then at St John's College, Cambridge, earning a B.A. in 1862 as 16th Wrangler. He taught mathematics at the Portarlington School and the Rossall School, and was a professor of mathematics at Queen's College in Liverpool from 1862 to 1864. He returned to Cambridge to earn a master's degree in 1865, and was a fellow there from 1867 to 1882. Mathematical contributions As an undergraduate, Whitworth became the founding editor in chief of the ''Messenger of Mathematics'', and he continued as its editor until 1880. He published works about the logarithmic spiral and about trilinear coordinates, but his most famous mathematical publication is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London
London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a tidal estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Roman Empire, Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of Government of the United Kingdom, the national government and Parliament of the United Kingdom, parliament. London grew rapidly 19th-century London, in the 19th century, becoming the world's List of largest cities throughout history, largest city at the time. Since the 19th cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dugald Clerk
Sir Dugald Clerk (sometimes written as Dugald Clark) KBE, LLD FRS (1854, Glasgow – 1932, Ewhurst, Surrey) was a Scottish engineer who designed the world's first successful two-stroke engine in 1878 and patented it in England in 1881. He was a graduate of Anderson's University in Glasgow (now the University of Strathclyde), and Yorkshire College, Leeds (now the University of Leeds). He formed the intellectual property firm with George Croydon Marks, called Marks & Clerk. He was knighted on 24 August 1917. Life Dugald Clerk was born in Glasgow on 31 March 1854, the son of Donald Clerk a machinist and his wife, Martha Symington. He was privately tutored then apprenticed to the firm of Messrs H O Robinson & Co in Glasgow. From 1871 to 1876 he went to Anderson College in Glasgow studying engineering then to the Yorkshire College of Science in Leeds. In the First World War he was Director of Engineering Research for the Admiralty. He married Margaret Hanney in 1883. He died i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of 2024, San Francisco is the List of California cities by population, fourth-most populous city in the U.S. state of California and the List of United States cities by population, 17th-most populous in the United States. San Francisco has a land area of at the upper end of the San Francisco Peninsula and is the County statistics of the United States, fifth-most densely populated U.S. county. Among U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2023. San Francisco anchors the Metropolitan statistical area#United States, 13th-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with almost 4.6 million residents in 2023. The larger San Francisco Bay Area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
