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1856 In France
Events from the year 1856 in France. Incumbents * List of French monarchs, Monarch – Napoleon III of France, Napoleon III Events *30 March - Treaty of Paris (1856), Treaty of Paris is signed by Russian Empire, Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, France, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom, settling the Crimean War. Births *1 February - Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq, dermatologist (died 1928 in France, 1928) *16 March - Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial, only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo (died 1879 in France, 1879) *24 April - Philippe Pétain, Marshal of France, later Chief of State of Vichy France (died 1951 in France, 1951) *25 May - Louis Franchet d'Espérey, general during World War I (died 1942 in France, 1942) *5 June - Gabrielle Réjane, actress (died 1920 in France, 1920) *1 September - Louis-Ernest Dubois, Roman Catholic Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of French Monarchs
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks (), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia, after the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century. Titles The kings used the title "King of the Franks" () until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" (Latin: ''Rex Franciae''; French language, French: ''roi de France'') was Philip II of France, Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground. However, ''Francorum Rex'' continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I of France, Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II of France, Henry II in about 1550; it was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chief Of State
A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state. Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of state depends on the country's form of government and any separation of powers; the powers of the office in each country range from being also the head of government to being little more than a ceremonial figurehead. In a parliamentary system, such as India or the United Kingdom, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However, in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Morocco. In contrast, a semi-presidential system, such as France, has both heads of state and government as the ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1941 In France
Events from the year 1941 in France. Incumbents * Chief of State: Philippe Pétain * Vice-President of the Council of Ministers: Pierre-Étienne Flandin (until 9 February), François Darlan (starting 9 February) Events *17 January – Battle of Ko Chang. Decisive victory by the French over the Thai Navy. *3 February – The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy France. *5 May – Georges Bégué becomes (probably) the first Special Operations Executive agent to be parachuted into France. *9 May – French-Thai War ends. *8 June – Allied invasion of Vichy French-controlled Syria and Lebanon begins, the Syria–Lebanon campaign. *9 June – Battle of the Litani River. *13 June – Battle of Jezzine. *15 June – Battle of Kissoué begins. *17 June – Battle of Kissoué ends with Allied victory. *18 June – Battle of Damascus begins. *19 June – Battle of Merdjayoun starts. *21 June – Battle of Damascus ends, with the Allies taking D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Curie
Jacques Curie (29 October 1855 – 19 February 1941) was a French physicist and professor of mineralogy at the University of Montpellier. Along with his younger brother, Pierre Curie, he studied pyroelectricity in the 1880s, leading to their discovery of some of the mechanisms behind piezoelectricity. He is buried in the Saint-Lazare cemetery in Montpellier. Biography In 1883, Jacques Curie was appointed professor of mineralogy at the University of Montpellier. This appointment marked the end of his collaboration with his brother Pierre. He remained in Montpellier until his death in 1941 with the exception of the years 1887–1889, which he spent in Algeria, teaching at the School of Science of Algiers and conducting his research. It was not until 1903 that he was appointed to the chair of physics, a position he retained until his retirement in 1925. His son Maurice Curie was a physicist. Research and discoveries The major legacy of Jacques Curie is the discovery of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1929 In France
Events from the year 1929 in France. Incumbents *President: Gaston Doumergue *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 29 July: Raymond Poincaré ** 29 July-2 November: Aristide Briand ** starting 2 November: André Tardieu Events *24 July – Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré resigns for medical reasons – he is succeeded by Aristide Briand. *24 July – The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on 27 August 1928 by most leading world powers). *5 September – Briand presents his plan of the ''United States of Europe''. *22 October – Briand's government falls. Arts and literature *15 January – First issue of ''Annales d'histoire économique et sociale'' published in by Armand Colin. *October **Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, having met for the first time while he studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. 21-year-old De Beauvoir becomes the younges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archbishop Of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (; ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens. History Paris was a Christian centre at an early date, its first apostles being St. Denis and his companions, Sts. Rusticus and Eleutherius. Until the Revolution the ancient tradition of the Parisian Church commemorated the seven stations of St. Denis, the stages of his apostolate and martyrdom: * (1) the ancient monastery of Notre-Dame-des-Champs of which the crypt, it was said, had been dedicated to the Blessed Virgin by St. Denis on his arrival in Paris; * (2) the Church of St-Etienne-des-Grès (now disappeared), which stood on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal (Catholicism)
A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. As titular members of the clergy of the Diocese of Rome, they serve as advisors to the pope, who is the bishop of Rome and the Head of the Church#Catholic Church, visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. Cardinals are chosen and formally created by the pope, and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a Papal conclave, conclave, almost always from among themselves, with a few historical exceptions, when the Holy See is Sede vacante#Vacancy of the Holy See, vacant. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. With the pope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Catholic
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' (autonomous) churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies around the world, each overseen by one or more bishops. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the pope is the successor of Saint Peter, upo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis-Ernest Dubois
Louis-Ernest Dubois (1 September 1856 – 23 September 1929) was a cardinal and Archbishop of Paris. He played a leading role in the period of adjustment to the separation of Church and State in France. Early life He was born in Saint-Calais (Sarthe), the second of six children of Louis Dubois, a nailmaker, and his wife, Henriette-Félicité Derouineau. He was educated at the ''Collège Ecclésiastique de Notre Dame'' in Saint Calais and at the seminary of Le Mans. He witnessed the invasion of his hometown by the Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War. Dubois was ordained priest on 20 September 1879. After his ordination he worked in pastoral ministry the diocese of Le Mans until 1898. He was editor of ''Semaine du fidèle'' in 1888. In 1895, he was made an honorary canon of the ''Cathédrale St-Julien du Mans''. He served as Vicar general of the diocese of Le Mans from 1898 until 1901. Episcopate Pope Leo XIII appointed him Bishop of Verdun on 18 April 1901, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1920 In France
Events from the year 1920 in France. Incumbents *President: ** until 18 February: Raymond Poincaré ** 18 February – 21 September: Paul Deschanel ** starting 21 September: Alexandre Millerand *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 20 January: Georges Clemenceau ** 20 January – 24 September: Alexandre Millerand ** starting 24 September: Georges Leygues Events In the opening of the year 1920, France was in a stronger position than she had been in for several generations. The Allied victory over Germany and the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France had placed France in the position which she occupied during the 17th and 18th century - that of the strongest power on the European continent. At the beginning of the year Raymond Poincaré was still president and Georges Clemenceau was still prime minister, but as both senatorial and presidential elections were due in January, important political changes occurred early in the year. At the general election for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabrielle Réjane
Gabrielle Réjane (), ''née'' Gabrielle Charlotte Réju (6 June 1856 – 14 June 1920), was a French actress of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The daughter of a former actor, Réjane studied at the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique, Paris Conservatoire and made her stage debut in 1875. After eight seasons at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in increasingly prominent roles, she became leading lady at the Théâtre des Variétés, a position she combined with appearances in more substantial plays at other theatres. She became known chiefly for her roles in comedies, but made an impression in serious character parts from time to time. Her biggest success was as Catherine, the outspoken washerwoman who becomes a duchess in the historical comedy-drama ''Madame Sans-Gêne (play), Madame Sans-Gêne'' by Victorien Sardou, Sardou and Émile Moreau (playwright), Moreau. She created the role in 1893 and played it frequently for much of her career. Among her other celebra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
