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1649 In Science
The year 1649 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Publication of John Jonston's ''Historiae naturalis'' in Frankfurt begins with ''De piscibus et cetis''. Technology * Johann Schröder publishes two methods for the production of elemental Arsenic. Mathematics * Frans van Schooten publishes the first Latin version of René Descartes' ''La Géométrie''. His commentary makes the work understandable to the broader mathematical community. The Latin version also includes Florimond de Beaune's ''Notes brièves'', the first important introduction to Descartes' cartesian geometry.Serfati, M. (2005). René Descartes, ''Géométrie'', Latin Edition (1649), French Edition (1637). In Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940' (p. 1). Elsevier. Events * The semi-formal Oxford Philosophical Club of natural philosophers begins to meet; it is a predecessor of the Royal Society of London. Births * March 3 – John Floyer, English physician (died ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartesian Geometry
In mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. This contrasts with synthetic geometry. Analytic geometry is used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry. Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight lines, and circles, often in two and sometimes three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean plane (two dimensions) and Euclidean space. As taught in school books, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it is concerned with defining and representing geometric shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from shapes' numerical definitions and representations. That the algebra of the real numbers can be employed to yield r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1649
Events January–March * January 4 – In England, the Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason. * January 17 – The Second Ormonde Peace concludes an alliance between the Irish Royalists and the Irish Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms. Later in the year the alliance is decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. * January 20 – Charles I of England goes on trial, for treason and other " high crimes". * January 27 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of high treason in a public session. * January 29 – Serfdom in Russia begins legally as the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the Zemsky Sobor, the parliament of the estates of the realm in the Tsardom of Russia. Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1574 In Science
The year 1574 in science and technology involved some significant events. Archaeology * In Rome (Italy), in the river Tiber between the two bridges, the monument base is discovered for a statue of Simon Paeter (or Simon the Sorcerer, the "Magus of Samaria"), with inscription ''"Simoni Deo Sancto"'' (translation: "To Simon the Holy God"). Exploration * November 22 – Juan Fernández, a Portuguese navigator, discovers, along the coast of Chile, the Juan Fernández Islands, where later shipwreck survivor Alexander Selkirk (the real figure behind Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe") will live for four years. The Juan Fernández fur seal is discovered and named. * English seaman William Bourne produces a popular expanded version of Martín Cortés de Albacar's navigation manual ''Arte de Navegar'' entitled ''A Regiment for the Sea''. Mineralogy * The Charcas Mineral District in the state of San Luis Potosí (New Spain, later Mexico) is discovered for the mining of lead, zinc, copper, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Dudley (explorer)
Sir Robert Dudley (7 August 1574 – 6 September 1649) was an English explorer and cartographer. In 1594, he led an expedition to the West Indies, of which he wrote an account. The illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, he inherited the bulk of the Earl's estate in accordance with his father's will, including Kenilworth Castle. In 1603–1605, he tried unsuccessfully to establish his legitimacy in court. After that he left England forever, finding a new existence in the service of the grand dukes of Tuscany. There, he worked as an engineer and shipbuilder, and designed and published '' Dell'Arcano del Mare'' (1645–1646), the first maritime atlas to cover the whole world. He was also a skilled navigator and mathematician. In Italy, he styled himself as the "Earl of Warwick and Leicester", as well as the "Duke of Northumberland", a title recognized by Emperor Ferdinand II. Dudley was considered bigamous, because he had married Alice Leigh while still a memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1734 In Science
The year 1734 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * George Berkeley publishes ''The Analyst'', an empiricist critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, influential in the development of mathematics. * Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order ordinary differential equations. Technology * James Short constructs a Gregorian reflecting telescope with an aperture of . Zoology * René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur begins publication of ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes'' in Amsterdam. Awards * Copley Medal: John Theophilus Desaguliers Births * January 23 – Wolfgang von Kempelen, Hungarian inventor (died 1804) * April 18 – Elsa Beata Bunge, Swedish botanist (died 1819) * May 23 – Franz Mesmer, German physician (died 1815) * September 3 – Joseph Wright, English painter of scientific subjects (died 1797) Deaths * February 1 – John Floyer, English physician (b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as Specialty (medicine), specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practitioner, general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the Discipline (academia), academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, underlying diseases, and their treatment, which is the science of medicine, and a decent Competence (human resources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Floyer (physician)
Sir John Floyer (3 March 1649 – 1 February 1734) was an English physician and author. Early life John Floyer was born on 3 March 1649. He was the third child and second son of Elizabeth Babington and Richard Floyer, of Hints Hall, a since demolished country house. Hints, Staffordshire, Hints is a quiet village lying a short distance from Lichfield in Staffordshire. He was educated at The Queen's College, Oxford, The Queen's College, University of Oxford. Career He practised in Lichfield, and it was by his advice that Dr Johnson, when a child, was taken by his mother to be touched by Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Queen Anne for the king's evil on 30 March 1714. As a physician, Floyer was best known for introducing the practice of pulse rate measurement, and creating a special watch for this purpose. He was an advocate of Hydrotherapy, cold bathing, and gave an early account of the pathological changes in the lungs associated with emphysema. Personal life Floyer was married to M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by Charles II of England, King Charles II and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. , there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford Philosophical Club
The Oxford Philosophical Club, also referred to as the "Oxford Circle", was to a group of natural philosophers, mathematicians, physicians, virtuosi and dilettanti gathering around John Wilkins FRS (1614–1672) at Oxford University, Oxford in the period 1649 to 1660. It is documented in particular by John Aubrey: he refers to it as an "experimental philosophical club" run weekly by Wilkins, who successfully bridged the political divide of the times. There is surviving evidence that the Club was formally constituted, and undertook some projects in Oxford libraries. Its historical importance is that members of the Oxford Circle and the Greshamites joined together to form the Royal Society of London in the early 1660s under Charles II of England, Charles II. Having been newly restored as King, Charles II favoured these great scientists and philosophers, so much so that he considered himself one of them. Wilkins was Warden of Wadham College, and the circle around him is also known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florimond De Beaune
Florimond de Beaune (7 October 1601, Blois – 18 August 1652, Blois) was a French jurist and mathematician, and an early follower of René Descartes.. The material on de Beaune is op. 187 R. Taton calls him "a typical example of the erudite amateurs" active in 17th-century science. In a 1638 letter to Descartes, de Beaune posed the problem of solving the differential equation :\frac=\frac now seen as the first example of the inverse tangent method of deducing properties of a curve from its tangents. His ''Tractatus de limitibus aequationum'' was reprinted in England in 1807; in it, he finds upper and lower bounds for the solutions to quadratic equations and cubic equation In algebra, a cubic equation in one variable is an equation of the form ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0 in which is not zero. The solutions of this equation are called roots of the cubic function defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of th ...s, as simple functions of the coefficients of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which study the physical world, and the social sciences, which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine. The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze Age in Ancient Egypt, Egypt and Mesopotamia (). Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Gree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
