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1631
Events January–March * January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany. * February 5 – Puritan leader Roger Williams arrives in Boston. * February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus. * February 20 – A fire breaks out in Westminster Hall, but is put out before it can cause serious destruction."Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29 * March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now Angola) dies after a reign of five years. * March 10 – Al Walid ben Zidan becomes the new Sultan of Morocco upon the death of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in History of Europe, European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, the Torstenson War, the Dutch-Portuguese War, and the Portuguese Restoration War. The war had its origins in the 16th-century Reformation, which led to religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire. The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the Empire into Catholic and Lutheran states, but the settlement was destabilised by the subsequent expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries. Combined with differences over the limits of imperial authority, religion was thus an important factor in star ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Frankfurt An Der Oder
The Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631 took place during the Thirty Years' War. The Imperial city of Frankfurt an der Oder was taken by a Swedish army, the first town within the Empire to be occupied outside Pomerania, where Sweden had established a bridgehead in 1630. After a two-day siege, Swedish forces, including several regiments of Scottish auxiliaries,Mackillop (2003), p.64 stormed the town.Bröckling (1998), p.57 Possession of Frankfurt and the subsequent occupation of nearby Landsberg, secured the Swedish army's rear and allowed Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to advance further into Central Germany. Prelude Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus started to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, intervene in the Thirty Years' War by supporting Stralsund against Wallenstein in 1628, and landed in Pomerania in June 1630. With the central parts of the Duchy of Pomerania, Sweden had gained a bridgehead in the Holy Roman Empire's northeasternmost corne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustavus Adolphus Of Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus (9 December [Old Style and New Style dates, N.S 19 December] 15946 November [Old Style and New Style dates, N.S 16 November] 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of Swedish Empire, Sweden as a great European power (). During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great (; ) by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634. He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms. His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631. With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader, but he wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Bärwalde
The Treaty of Bärwalde (; ; ), signed on 23 January 1631, was an agreement by France to provide Sweden financial support, following its intervention in the Thirty Years' War. This was in line with Cardinal Richelieu's policy of avoiding direct French involvement, but weakening Habsburg Austria by backing its opponents. Under its terms, Gustavus Adolphus agreed to maintain an army of 36,000 troops, in return for an annual payment of 400,000 Reichsthalers, for a period of five years. France continued their support after Gustavus was killed at Lützen in November 1632. When the Swedes were defeated at Nördlingen in September 1634, most of their German allies made peace in the Treaty of Prague. Richelieu decided to intervene directly; in 1635, the Franco-Swedish Treaty of Compiègne replaced that agreed at Bärwalde. Background The Thirty Years War began in 1618 when the Protestant Frederick, ruler of the Electoral Palatinate, accepted the crown of Bohemia. Many Germans r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultan Of Morocco
This is a list of rulers of Morocco since 789. The common and formal titles of these rulers has varied, depending on the time period. Since 1957, the designation King has been used. The present King of Morocco is Mohammed VI of Morocco, Mohammed VI of the Alawi dynasty, since 23 July 1999. Idrisid dynasty (788–974) Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147) Almohad dynasty (1121–1269) Marinid dynasty (1195–1465) Idrisid interlude (1465–1471) * Muhammad ibn Ali Idrisi-Joutey (1465–1471) Wattasid dynasty (1472–1554) Saadi dynasty (1544–1659) Dila'i interlude (1659–1663) * Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i, Muhammad al-Hajj ad-Dila'i (1659–1663) Alawi dynasty (1631–present) 1631–1957: Sultans of Morocco 1957–present: Kings of Morocco Timeline Royal standard File:Royal standard of Morocco.svg, Royal standard of Morocco See also * Succession to the Moroccan throne * History of Morocco * Politics of Morocco References {{DEFAULTSORT:L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Marwan Abd Al-Malik II
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II ibn Zidan (), also known as Abd el-Malik II (? – 10 March 1631) was the Sultan of Morocco from 1627 to 1631. Life After the expeditions of Isaac de Razilly to Morocco, he signed a Franco-Moroccan Treaty (1631), Franco-Moroccan treaty with France in 1631, giving France preferential treatment, known as Capitulation (treaty), Capitulations: preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate and freedom of religion for French subjects. The story of his life was published by the English diplomat John Harrison (diplomat), John Harrison in 1633. He was succeeded by his brother Al Walid ben Zidan. Notes 1631 deaths Sultans of Morocco Saadi dynasty People from Marrakesh 17th-century Moroccan people 17th-century monarchs in Africa Year of birth unknown 17th-century Arab people Sons of sultans {{Morocco-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambrósio I Of Kongo
Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga was a mwenekongo of the Kingdom of Kongo who ruled from (March 1626 to March 7, 1631.) Rise to Power Ambrósio I was the nephew of Álvaro III and as such was a member of the royal House of Kwilu. When Alvaro III died on May 4 of 1622, he had only a young son to leave as heir. Instead of putting an easily manipulated juvenile on the throne at a time when the Portuguese under the renegade governor João Correia de Sousa was threatening the country, the royal council elected the Duke of Mbamba as King Pedro II. This ushered in the short-lived royal House of Nsundi. King Pedro II was peacefully succeeded by his son Garcia I but the calm was not to last. In 1626, Garcia was overthrown by disgruntled nobles led by Manuel Jordão the Duke of Nsundi. At the request of the royal ladies of the court, many of whom fervent partisans of the House of Kwilu, Jordão had Ambrósio crowned as king restoring the Kwilu kanda to power. Reign as King King Ambrósio fell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic country by both area and population, and is the List of European countries by area, fifth-largest country in Europe. Its capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a population of 10.6 million, and a low population density of ; 88% of Swedes reside in urban areas. They are mostly in the central and southern half of the country. Sweden's urban areas together cover 1.5% of its land area. Sweden has a diverse Climate of Sweden, climate owing to the length of the country, which ranges from 55th parallel north, 55°N to 69th parallel north, 69°N. Sweden has been inhabited since Prehistoric Sweden, prehistoric times around 12,000 BC. The inhabitants emerged as the Geats () and Swedes (tribe), Swedes (), who formed part of the sea-faring peopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reval Gymnasium
The Gustav Adolf Grammar School is a secondary school in Tallinn, Estonia.Overview of Gustav Adolf Grammar School Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium Swedish king established it as the Reval Gymnasium in 1631. It is one of the oldest extant secondary schools in Europe. History 1631–1651 King Gustavus Adolphus founded the school as the Gymnasium. Until 1645 it consisted of four forms: quarta, tertia, secunda and prima, in ascending order. The teaching staff consisted of four professors and two colleagues ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic League (German)
The Catholic League (, ) was a coalition of Catholic Church, Catholic List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, states of the Holy Roman Empire formed 10 July 1609. While initially formed as a confederation to act politically to negotiate issues vis-à-vis the Protestant Union (formed 1608), modelled on the more intransigent ultra-Catholic French Catholic League (1576), it was subsequently concluded as a military alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire". Notwithstanding the league's founding, as had the founding of the Protestant Union, it further exacerbated long standing tensions between the Protestant Protestant Reformation, reformers and the adherents of the Catholic Church which thereafter began to get worse with ever more frequent episodes of civil disobedience, Political repression, repression, and retaliation that would eventually ignite into the first phase of the Thirty Years' War roughly a decade later with the act of rebellion and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al Walid Ben Zidan
Al Walid ben Zidan (), also known as Mulay al-Walid (? – 21 February 1636) was the Sultan of Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ... from 1631 to 1636. He was assassinated by French renegades on February 1636. Al Walid ben Zidan was succeeded by his brother Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir. His son Mohammed al-Attaz converted to Christianity and became a Jesuit priest, under the name Balthazar of Loyola. Notes 1636 deaths Sultans of Morocco Saadi dynasty People from Marrakesh 17th-century Moroccan people 17th-century monarchs in Africa Year of birth unknown Assassinated Moroccan monarchs 17th-century Arab people Sons of sultans {{Morocco-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magdeburg 1631
Magdeburg (; ) is the Capital city, capital of the Germany, German States of Germany, state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is on the Elbe river. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's Magdeburg Cathedral, cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. In the Late Middle Ages, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League. One of the most notable people from the city was Otto von Guericke, famous for his experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres. Magdeburg has experienced three major devastations in its history. In 1207 the first catastrophe struck the city, with a fire burning down large parts of the city, including the Magdeburg Cathedral#Previous building, Ottonian cathedral. The Catholic League (German), Catholi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
