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1591 In Science
The year 1591 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Mathematics * François Viète publishes ''In Artem Analyticien Isagoge'', introducing the new algebra with innovative use of letters as parameters in equations. * Giordano Bruno publishes and in Francfort. Technology * The Rialto Bridge in Venice, designed by Antonio da Ponte, is completed. Publications * Prospero Alpini publishes ''De Medicina Egyptiorum'' in Venice, including accounts of coffee, bananas and the baobab. * Publication of the first of the Conimbricenses commentaries on Aristotle by the Jesuits of the University of Coimbra, ''Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Jesu in octo libros physicorum Aristotelis Stagyritæ'', on Aristotle's ''Physics''. Births * February 21 – Gérard Desargues, French geometer (died 1661) Deaths * July 2 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian scientist and musician (born 1520 Year 1520 ( MDXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conimbricenses
The Conimbricenses are an important collection of Jesuits, Jesuit commentaries on Aristotle compiled at University of Coimbra in Coimbra, Portugal. Commentaries The Coimbra Commentaries, also known as the Conimbricenses or Cursus Conimbricenses, are a group of 11 books on Aristotle (only eight can be called commentaries). They were produced as part of King John III of Portugal's efforts to make the University of Coimbra rival the University of Paris. The names of 200 Jesuits, including those of professors and students, appeared repeatedly on the college registries. From the late 16th to the early 17th centuries, the university produced voluminous commentaries on Aristotle's philosophical writings. The commentaries were, in fact, dictated to the students by the professors and so were not intended for publication. After they were published anyway, to interpret and disown incorrect and unauthorized editions, Claudio Acquaviva, the General of the Society of Jesus, assigned Pedro da F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1591
Events January–March * January 27 – Scottish schoolmaster John Fian becomes the first person to be executed after the North Berwick witch trials, following his conviction for the crime of witchcraft. Fian is taken to the Castlehill outside of Edinburgh and strangled after which his body is burned. Agnes Sampson is garroted the next day at Castlehill and then burned. * February 7 – Pope Gregory XIV, who had succeeded Pope Urban VII in December, appoints Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna and six other cardinals to a commission to revise the Sixtine Vulgate Latin translation of the Bible, published in 1590 under the editorship of Pope Sixtus V, to which the College of Cardinals has taken exception. The revision of the revision, dubbed the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, will be completed in 1592 and be the official version used by the Catholic Church until 1979. * February 25 – Poet Edmund Spenser is granted an annual pension of 50 pounds sterling by Quee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1520 In Science
The year 1520 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Botany * Publication of ''Le Grant Herbier'' ("The Great Herbal") in Paris. Exploration * November 1–28 – Ferdinand Magellan's fleet makes the first passage of the Strait of Magellan and he names the Pacific Ocean. Births * ''approx. date'' – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian scientist and musician (died 1591) * Agatha Streicher, German physician (died 1581) Deaths * ''approx. date'' – Pedro Álvares Cabral, Portuguese explorer Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some Expectation (epistemic), expectation of Discovery (observation), discovery. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organis ... (b. c. 1467/8). References {{reflist 16th century in science 1520s in science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vincenzo Galilei
Vincenzo Galilei (3 April 1520 – 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theory, music theorist. His children included the astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei and the lute virtuoso and composer Michelagnolo Galilei. Vincenzo was a figure in the musical life of the late Renaissance and contributed significantly to the musical revolution that demarcates the beginning of the Baroque music, Baroque era. In his study of pitch and string tension, Galilei produced perhaps the first non-linear mathematical description of a natural phenomenon known to history. Some credit him with directing the activity of his son away from pure, abstract mathematics and towards experimentation using mathematical quantitative description of the results, a direction of importance for the history of physics and natural science. Biography He was born in 1520 in Santa Maria a Monte, near Pisa, Republic of Florence, and began studying the lute at an early age. His mother was from San ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1661 In Science
The year 1661 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Marcello Malpighi is the first to observe and correctly describe Capillary, capillaries when he discovers them in a frog's lung. Chemistry * Robert Boyle's ''The Sceptical Chymist'' is published in London. Environment * John Evelyn's pamphlet ''Fumifugium'' is one of the earliest descriptions of air pollution. Publications * Abraham Cowley's pamphlet ''The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy''. * Johann Sperling's handbook ''Zoologia physica'' (posthumous). Births * May 3 – Antonio Vallisneri, Italian people, Italian physician and natural scientist (died 1730 in science, 1730) * December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Sweden, Swedish scientist and inventor (died 1751 in science, 1751) * Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French people, French mathematician (died 1704 in science, 1704) * ''approx. date'' – Alida Withoos, Dutch people, Dutch botanical artist (died 1730) Eve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gérard Desargues
Girard Desargues (; 21 February 1591September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry. Desargues' theorem, the Desargues graph, and the crater Desargues on the Moon are named in his honour. Biography Born in Lyon, Desargues came from a family devoted to service to the French crown. His father was a royal notary, an investigating commissioner of the Seneschal's court in Lyon (1574), the collector of the tithes on ecclesiastical revenues for the city of Lyon (1583) and for the diocese of Lyon. Girard Desargues worked as an architect from 1645. Prior to that, he had worked as a tutor and may have served as an engineer and technical consultant in the entourage of Richelieu. Yet his involvement in the Siege of La Rochelle, though alleged by Ch. Weiss in ''Biographie Universelle'' (1842), has never been testified. As an architect, Desargues planned several private and public buildings in Paris and Lyon. As an eng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physics (Aristotle)
The ''Physics'' (; or , possibly meaning " Lectures on nature") is a named text, written in ancient Greek, collated from a collection of surviving manuscripts known as the Corpus Aristotelicum, attributed to the 4th-century BC philosopher Aristotle. The meaning of physics in Aristotle It is a collection of treatises or lessons that deals with the most general (philosophical) principles of natural or moving things, both living and non-living, rather than physical theories (in the modern sense) or investigations of the particular contents of the universe. The chief purpose of the work is to discover the principles and causes of (and not merely to describe) change, or movement, or motion (κίνησις ''kinesis''), especially that of natural wholes (mostly living things, but also inanimate wholes like the cosmos). In the conventional Andronicean ordering of Aristotle's works, it stands at the head of, as well as being foundational to, the long series of physical, cosmolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Coimbra
The University of Coimbra (UC; , ) is a Public university, public research university in Coimbra, Portugal. First established in Lisbon in 1290, it went through a number of relocations until moving permanently to Coimbra in 1537. The university is among the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest universities in continuous operation in the world, the oldest in Portugal, and played an influential role in the development of higher education in the Lusophone, Portuguese-speaking world. In 2013, UNESCO declared the university a World Heritage Site, noting its architecture, unique culture and traditions, and historical role. The contemporary university is organized into eight faculty (division), faculties, granting bachelor's (''licenciado''), master's (''mestre'') and doctorate (''doutor'') degrees in nearly all major fields. It lends its name to the Coimbra Group of European research universities founded in 1985, of which it was a founding member. Enrolling over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The Society of Jesus is the largest religious order in the Catholic Church and has played significant role in education, charity, humanitarian acts and global policies. The Society of Jesus is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 countries. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. They also conduct retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian works, and promote Ecumenism, ecumenical dialogue. The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patron saint, patronage of Madonna della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristotle
Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum (classical), Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelianism, Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira (ancient city), Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical Greece, Classical period. His father, Nicomachus (father of Aristotle), Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At around eighteen years old, he joined Plato's Platonic Academy, Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty seven (). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
