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Bt Eggplant
The genetically modified brinjal is a suite of transgenic brinjals (also known as eggplant or aubergine) created by inserting a crystal protein gene (''Cry1Ac'') from the soil bacterium ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' into the genome of various brinjal cultivars. The insertion of the gene, along with other genetic elements such as promoters, terminators and an antibiotic resistance marker gene into the brinjal plant is accomplished using ''Agrobacterium''-mediated genetic transformation. The Bt brinjal has been developed to give resistance against lepidopteron insects, in particular, the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer ('' Leucinodes orbonalis'')(FSB), by forming pores in the insects' digestive system. Mahyco, an Indian seed company based in Jalna, Maharashtra, has developed the Bt brinjal. The genetically modified brinjal event is termed Event EE 1, and Mahyco has also applied for approval of two brinjal hybrids. Event EE 1 was introduced by breeding the plants into various local var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transgenic
A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. ''Transgene'' describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. This non-native segment of DNA may either retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the transgenic organism or alter the normal function of the transgenic organism's genetic code. In general, the DNA is incorporated into the organism's germ line. For example, in higher vertebrates this can be accomplished by injecting the foreign DNA into the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. This technique is routinely used to introduce human disease genes or other genes of interest into strains of laboratory mice to study the function or pathology involved with that part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UASD) is a state agriculture university established by the Government of Karnataka which imparts education, research and extension activities in the fields of agriculture, forestry, food science, agricultural marketing and home science. It is on Dharwad-Belgaum road (PB-4) on a campus with space for growing trees and fields for conducting experiments and research. The University encompasses 5 Colleges, 27 Research Stations, 6 Agriculture Extension Education Centers, 6 Krishi Vigyan Kendras, and an Agricultural Technology Information Center (ATIC). Its jurisdiction spans 7 districts in northern Karnataka: Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, and Uttar Kannada. The region exhibits a rich diversity in soil types, climate, topography, as well as cropping and farming practices. Constituent colleges The university has constituent colleges in places in Karnataka: * College of Agriculture, Dharwad * College of Community ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Blotting
Southern blot is a method used for detection and quantification of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. This method is used in molecular biology. Briefly, purified DNA from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) is digested with restriction enzymes, and the resulting DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis using an electric current to move them through a sieve-like gel or matrix, which allows smaller fragments to move faster than larger fragments. The DNA fragments are transferred out of the gel or matrix onto a solid membrane, which is then exposed to a DNA probe labeled with a radioactive, fluorescent, or chemical tag. The tag allows any DNA fragments containing complementary sequences with the DNA probe sequence to be visualized within the Southern blot. The Southern blotting combines the transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane in a process called blotting, and the subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ti Plasmid
A tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of ''Agrobacterium'', including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, ''A. tumefaciens'', Rhizobium rhizogenes, ''A. rhizogenes'', ''A. rubi'' and Allorhizobium vitis, ''A. vitis''. Evolutionarily, the Ti plasmid is part of a family of plasmids carried by many species of Alphaproteobacteria. Members of this plasmid family are defined by the presence of a conserved DNA region known as the ''repABC'' gene cassette, which mediates the DNA replication, replication of the plasmid, the partitioning of the plasmid into daughter cells during cell division as well as the maintenance of the plasmid at low copy numbers in a cell. The Ti plasmids themselves are sorted into different categories based on the type of molecule, or opine, they allow the bacteria to break down as an energy source. The presence of this Ti plasmid is essential for the bacteria to cause crown gall disease in plants. This is facilitated via certain crucial r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotyledons
A cotyledon ( ; ; "a cavity, small cup, any cup-shaped hollow", gen. (), ) is a "seed leaf" – a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant – and is formally defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germination, germinating seed." Botanists use the number of cotyledons present as one characteristic to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms): species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"); plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots"). Many orchids with minute seeds have no identifiable cotyledon, and are regarded as acotyledons. The Dodders (''Cuscuta'' spp) also lack cotyledons, as does the African tree ''Mammea africana'' (Calophyllaceae). In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic, the cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves. However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct. Cotyledons form during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Construct
A DNA construct is an artificially-designed segment of DNA borne on a Vector (molecular biology), vector that can be used to incorporate genetic material into a target Biological tissue, tissue or Cell (biology), cell. A DNA construct contains a DNA insert, called a transgene, delivered via a transformation Vector (molecular biology), vector which allows the insert sequence to be replicated and/or expressed in the target cell. This gene can be cloned from a naturally occurring gene, or synthetically constructed. The vector can be delivered using physical, chemical or viral methods. Typically, the vectors used in DNA constructs contain an origin of replication, a multiple cloning site, and a selectable marker. Certain vectors can carry additional regulatory elements based on the expression system involved. DNA constructs can be as small as a few thousand base pairs (kbp) of DNA carrying a single gene, using vectors such as Toxin-antitoxin system, plasmids or Bacteriophage, bacteriopha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetically Modified Bacteria
Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. History The first example of this occurred in 1978 when Herbert Boyer, working at a University of California laboratory, took a version of the human insulin gene and inserted into the bacterium ''Escherichia coli'' to produce synthetic "human" insulin. Four years later, it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Research Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified in the laboratory, due to the relative ease of modifying their chromosomes. This ease made them important tools for the creation of other GMOs. Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be added to a plasmid and inserted into bacteria for storage and modification. Bacteria are cheap, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transgenic Plants
Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of ''Agrobacterium'' for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. Many plant cells are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and then under the right conditions form a new plant. This ability is most often taken advantage by genetic engineers through selecting cells that can successfully be transformed into an adult plant which can then be grown into multiple new plants containing transgene in every cell through a process known as tissue culture. Research Much of the advances in the field genetic engineering has come from experimentation with tobacco. Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. It was the first plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Life Cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same series of stages, the process repeating in a cyclic fashion. "The concept is closely related to those of the life history, Developmental biology, development and ontogeny, but differs from them in stressing renewal." Transitions of form may involve growth, asexual reproduction, or sexual reproduction. In some organisms, different "generations" of the species succeed each other during the life cycle. For Embryophyte, plants and many algae, there are two multicellular stages, and the life cycle is referred to as alternation of generations. The term life history is often used, particularly for organisms such as the red algae which have three multicellular stages (or mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the genus ''Caulimovirus'', one of the six genera in the family ''Caulimoviridae'', which are pararetroviruses that infect plants. Pararetroviruses replicate through reverse transcription just like retroviruses, but the viral particles contain DNA instead of RNA. Definition The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the family ''Caulimoviridae''. This family is grouped together with the ''Belpaoviridae'', ''Metaviridae'', ''Pseudoviridae'', and ''Retroviridae'' (all of which instead have an RNA genome replicated via a DNA intermediate) in the order ''Ortervirales''; the ''Hepadnaviridae'', despite having a DNA genome replicated via an RNA intermediate (like the ''Caulimoviridae''), are more distantly related, belonging to the separate order ''Blubervirales'' (both orders belong to the same class, the '' Revtraviricetes''). CaMV infects mostly plants of the family Brassicaceae (such as cauliflower and turnip) but some CaM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcriptional
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. In virology, the term transcription is used when referring to mRNA synthesis from a viral RNA molecule. The genome of many RNA viruses is composed of negative-sense RNA which acts as a template for positive sense viral messenger RNA - a necessary step in the synthesis of viral proteins needed for viral replication. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Background A DNA transcription unit encoding for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monsanto
The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto's best-known product is Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, developed in the 1970s. Later, the company became a major producer of genetically engineered crops. In 2018, the company ranked 199th on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. Monsanto was one of four groups to introduce genes into plants in 1983, and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops in 1987. It was one of the top-ten U.S. chemical companies until it divested most of its chemical businesses between 1997 and 2002, through a process of mergers and spin-offs that focused the company on biotechnology. Monsanto was one of the first companies to apply the biotechnology industry business model to agriculture, using techniques developed by biotech drug companies. In this business m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
