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Brothers (1782 Ship)
''Brothers'' was launched in 1782 at Liverpool as a Guineaman. She made seven complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. A French privateer captured her in 1795, on her eighth voyage after she had embarked her captives. In a highly unusual move, the privateer sold ''Brothers'' and the captives she was carrying to the master of a Spanish vessel that the privateer had captured. The purchaser then took ''Brothers'' into Havana. Career ''Brothers'' first appeared in ''Lloyd's Register'' (''LR''), in the issue for 1783. 1st voyage transporting enslaved people (1783–1784): Captain Robert Kendall sailed from Liverpool on 18 April 1783. He acquired captives in the Sierra Leone estuary. On 1 January 1784 ''Brothers'' was reported on the coast of Africa, together with several other slave ships, including . ''Brothers'' arrived at Grenada on 2 April 1784 with 180 captives, and landed 179. She sailed from Grenada on 11 May and arrived back at Liverpoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Builder's Old Measurement
Builder's Old Measurement (BOM, bm, OM, and o.m.) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship based on length and maximum beam. It is expressed in "tons burden" (, ), and abbreviated "tons bm". The formula is: : \text = \frac where: * ''Length'' is the length, in feet, from the stem to the sternpost; * '' Beam'' is the maximum beam, in feet. The Builder's Old Measurement formula remained in effect until the advent of steam propulsion. Steamships required a different method of estimating tonnage, because the ratio of length to beam was larger and a significant volume of internal space was used for boilers and machinery. In 1849, the Moorsom System was created in the United Kingdom. The Moorsom system calculates the cargo-carrying capacity in cubic feet, another method of volumetric measurement. The capacity in cubic feet i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guineaman
Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea coast in West Africa. Atlantic slave trade In the early 17th century, more than a century after the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, demand for unpaid labor to work plantations made slave-trading a profitable business. The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the Kongo Civil War. To ensure profitability, the owners of the ships divided their hulls into holds with little headroom, so they could transport as many slaves as possible. Unhygienic conditions, dehydration, dysentery, and scurvy led to a high mortality rate, on average 15% and up to a third of captives. Often, the ships carried hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. For example, the slave ship ''Henrietta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slave Ship
Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting Slavery, slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea (region), Guinea coast in West Africa. Atlantic slave trade In the early 17th century, more than a century after the arrival of European emigration, Europeans to the Americas, demand for unpaid labor to work plantations made slave-trading a profitable business. The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the Kongo Civil War. To ensure Profit (accounting), profitability, the owners of the ships divided their Hull (watercraft), hulls into holds with little headroom, so they could transport as many slaves as possible. Unhygienic conditions, dehydration, dysentery, and scurvy led to a high mortality rate, on average 15% and up to a third of captives. Often, the ships carried hundreds of sla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triangular Trade
Triangular trade or triangle trade is trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. It has been used to offset trade imbalances between different regions. The most commonly cited example of a triangular trade is the Atlantic slave trade, but other examples existed. These include the seventeenth-century carriage of manufactured goods from England to New England and Newfoundland, then dried cod from Newfoundland and New England to the Mediterranean and Iberian peninsula, followed by cargoes of gold, silver, olive oil, tobacco, dried fruit, and "sacks" of wine back to England. Maritime carriers referred to this Atlantic trade as the "sack trade." Another example was general cargo from Britain to Australia, Australian coal to China, then tea and silk back to Britain. The Atlantic slave trade used a system of three-way transatlantic exchanges – known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lloyd's Register
Lloyd's Register Group Limited, trading as Lloyd's Register (LR), is a technical and professional services organisation and a maritime classification society, wholly owned by the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, a UK charity dedicated to research and education in science and engineering. The organisation dates to 1760. Its stated aims are to enhance the safety of life, property, and the environment, by helping its clients (including by validation, certification, and accreditation) to improve the safety and performance of complex projects, supply chains and critical infrastructure. In July 2012, the organisation converted from an industrial and provident society to a company limited by shares, named Lloyd’s Register Group Limited, with the new Lloyd’s Register Foundation as the sole shareholder. At the same time the organisation gave to the Foundation a substantial bond and equity portfolio to assist it with its charitable purposes. It will benefit from continued funding from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Cape Mount County
Grand Cape Mount is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Robertsport serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 129,817, making it the eighth most populous county in Liberia. The county is bordered by Gbarpolu County to the northeast and Bomi County to the southeast. The northern part of Grand Cape Mount borders the nation of Sierra Leone, while to the west lies the Atlantic Ocean. The name of the county comes from Cape du Mont, a French word meaning the Cape of the Mount. In 1461, Pedro de Sintra, a Portuguese explorer charting the West Coast of Africa, saw the prominent feature of the cape and chose its name. History Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra discovered the area in 1461. The 300-foot-tall Cape Mount became the landmark for settlers in the region. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slave Trade Act 1788
The Slave Trade Act 1788 ( 28 Geo. 3. c. 54), also known as the Regulated Slave Trade Act 1788, Slave Trade Regulation Act 1788 or Dolben's Act, was an Act of Parliament that limited the number of enslaved people that British slave ships could transport, based on the ships' tons burthen ( bm). It was the first British legislation enacted to regulate slave shipping. Background In the late 18th century, opposition to slavery was increasing. Many abolitionists were infuriated by the Zong massacre, whose details became known during litigation in 1783, when the syndicate owning the ship filed for insurance claims to cover 132–142 slaves who had been killed. Quakers had been active in petitioning Parliament to end the trade. To expand their influence, in 1787 they formed a non-denominational group, the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, which included Anglicans of the established church (non-Anglicans were excluded from Parliament). In 1788, Sir William Dolben led a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Baker (slave Trader)
Peter Baker (1731–1796) was a privateer, shipbuilder, Lord Mayor of Liverpool, and notable English slave trader. He formed the Liverpool shipbuilding company Baker and Dawson with his son-in-law John Dawson. Baker was a figure of political importance in Liverpool history at a time when Liverpool was the foremost slave trading hub of the UK. Baker was part of the Corporation of Liverpool, one of the UK's largest slave trading enterprises, at a time when the corporation was opposing the first meaningful actions taken by the UK House of Lords to abolish slavery. Baker and Dawson were most active between 1783 and 1792 as two of the largest slave trading figures in the Corporation of Liverpool, enslaving many thousands of people. In 1795, Baker became Lord Mayor of Liverpool, before passing away the next year. Slave trade Peter Baker was born in West Derby, Liverpool. In the period between 1783 and 1792, Baker and his partner John Dawson (slave trader), John Dawson were the larges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iles De Los
Iles is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Albert Iles (1914–1979), English footballer *Alex Iles, American musician *Bob Iles (born 1955), English footballer *Bradley Iles (born 1983), New Zealand golfer *Brian Iles, American animation writer *Edna Iles (1905–2003), English classical pianist * Elijah Iles (1796-1883), American pioneer and businessman *Francis Iles (1893-1971), English crime writer (real name: Anthony Berkeley Cox) *Greg Iles (born 1960), American writer *James Iles (born 1990), English cricketer *Jeremy Iles ( born 1957), environmental campaigner *Jon Iles (born 1954), English actor *Nikki Iles (born 1963), English musician *Ray K Iles, British scientist *Richard Iles (born 1962), English musician *Salim Iles (born 1975), Algerian swimmer *Sam Iles (born 1987), Australian footballer See also *Iles, Nariño, town and municipality in Colombia * , the French term for "islands" *Lles (other) Lles may refer to: * Lles (municipality), a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lloyd's List
''Lloyd's List'' is one of the world's oldest continuously running journals, having provided weekly shipping news in London as early as 1734. It was published daily until 2013 (when the final print issue, number 60,850, was published), and is now published digitally. Also known simply as ''The List'', it was begun by Edward Lloyd, the proprietor of Lloyd's Coffee House, as a source of information for merchants' agents and insurance underwriters who met regularly in his establishment on Lombard Street to negotiate insurance coverage for trading vessels. It continues to provide this information in addition to marine insurance, offshore energy, logistics, market data, research, global trade and law information, and shipping news. History The earliest form of ''Lloyd's List'' was estimated by some to have begun by 1692. One historian, Michael Palmer, wrote that: "No later than January 1692, Lloyd began publishing a weekly newsletter, ‘Ships Arrived at and Departed from sever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cape San Antonio, Cuba
Cape San Antonio (), is a cape which forms the western extremity of the Guanahacabibes Peninsula and the western extremity of Cuba. It extends into the Yucatán Channel, and is part of the municipality of Sandino, in Pinar del Río Province. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, the line between the lighthouse at Cabo Catoche on the north tip of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico and the lighthouse at Cape San Antonio marks the division between the Caribbean Sea to the south and Gulf of Mexico to the north. See also * Cape Maisí * Cape Corrientes * Cabo San Antonio Lighthouse References External links Cape San Antonio on havanajournal.com San Antonio San Antonio ( ; Spanish for " Saint Anthony") is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the most populous city in Greater San Antonio. San Antonio is the third-largest metropolitan area in Texas and the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the ... Sandino, Cuba Geography of Pinar del Río Provin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letters Of Marque
A letter of marque and reprisal () was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury. Captured naval prizes were judged before the government's admiralty court for condemnation and transfer of ownership to the privateer. A common practice among Europeans from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century, cruising for enemy prizes with a letter of marque was considered an honorable calling that combined patriotism and profit. Such legally authorized privateering contrasted with unlicensed captures of random ships, known as piracy, which was universally condemned. In practice, the differences between privateers and pirates were sometimes slight, even merely a matter of interpretation. The terms "letter of marque" and "privateer" were s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
