|
Braille Pattern Dots-1235
The Braille pattern dots-1235 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2817, and in Braille ASCII with an R. Unified Braille In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1235 is used to represent coronal or dorsal flaps, trills, or approximant consonants such as /r/, /ɹ/, /ɽ/, or /ʀ/.. Table of unified braille values Other braille Plus dots 7 and 8 Related to Braille pattern dots-1235 are Braille patterns 12357, 12358, and 123578, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. Related 8-dot kantenji patterns In the Japanese kantenji is a system of braille for transcribing written Japanese. It was devised in 1969 by , a teacher at the , and was still being revised in 1991. It supplements Japanese Braille by providing a means of directly encoding kanji characters without ha ... braille, the standard 8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille ( , ) is a Tactile alphabet, tactile writing system used by blindness, blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. For blind readers, braille is an independent writing system, rather than a code of printed orthography. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Braille
Persian Braille () is the braille alphabet for the Persian language. It is largely compatible with Arabic Braille, which may be found (in uncontracted form) within Persian Braille texts. There are a few additional Persian letters that do not exist in Arabic. Persian Braille is read from left to right, following the international convention. Numbers are also left to right, rather than switching direction as they do in printed Arabic. Persian Braille charts Letters Numbers and arithmetic Numbers are the same as in English Braille. Arithmetical symbols are introduced by a separate braille prefix. Numbers follow operands without a space. For example, : is in braille, : Punctuation See also * Arabic Braille * Tajik Braille *Urdu Braille Urdu Braille is the braille alphabet used for Urdu. There are two standard braille alphabets for Urdu, one in Pakistan and the other in India. The Pakistani alphabet is based on Persian Braille and is in use throughout the country, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner–Salinas Braille Codes
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a proposed method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. However, 15 years later Nemeth code was still the standard, with no further change . The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting. Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille. D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Braille
Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria. It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet, or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is a unicase, unicameral script written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most ... ; standard Arabic Braille on the other hand uses a completely different ...
[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner Salinas Braille
Gardner may refer to: People and fictional characters * Gardner (given name) * Gardner (surname) Places United States * Gardner, Colorado *Gardner, Illinois * Gardner, Kansas *Gardner, Massachusetts * Gardner, North Dakota * Gardner, Tennessee * Gardner, Wisconsin * Gardner Mountain, Washington state * Gardner Pinnacles Hawaii * Gardner Point, a mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana * Gardner River, Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming Elsewhere * Gardner Inlet in Antarctica * Gardner Canal in British Columbia, Canada * Gardner Island or Nikumaroro, part of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati * Gardner (crater) on the Moon Other uses * L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Manchester, England, a builder of diesel engines * Gardner (automobile), a car maker based in St. Louis, Missouri, between 1920 and 1931 * Gardner snake, any species of North American snake within the genus ''Thamnophis'', more properly called garter snakes * Gardner gun, an early machine gun See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemeth Braille
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972. It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language. Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world. Principles of the Nemeth Code The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words: One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances would be brailled the same. This is in contr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two-Cell Chinese Braille
Two-cell Chinese Braille was designed in the 1970s and is used in parallel with traditional Chinese Braille in China. Each syllable is rendered with two braille characters. The first combines the initial and medial; the second the rime and tone. The base letters represent the initial and rime; these are modified with diacritics for the medial and tone. Thus each of the braille cells has aspects of an abugida. Braille charts Onsets The first cell indicates the initial, generally in dots 1 to 4, and the medial in dots 5 and 6. This design exploits restrictions on co-occurrence of initials and medials to fit all the allowable combinations in a single cell. The medial ''-i-'' is represented by dot 5 (), the medial ''-u-'' by dot 6 (), and the medial ''-ü-'' by both dots 5 and 6 (). The ''z c s'' series is derived from ''zh ch sh'' as if they contained a ''-i-'' medial; these two series are not distinguished in many Mandarin dialects. As in traditional Chinese Braille, ''k g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taiwanese Braille
Taiwanese Braille is the braille script used in Taiwan for Taiwanese Mandarin (''Guoyu''). Although based marginally on international braille, most consonants have been reassigned; also, like Chinese Braille, Taiwanese Braille is a semi-syllabary. An example is, Charts Initials The braille letters for zhuyin/pinyin ㄍ ''g'' (), ㄘ ''c'' (), and ㄙ ''s'' () double for the alveolo-palatal consonants ㄐ ''j'' (), ㄑ ''q'' (), and ㄒ ''x'' (). The latter are followed by close front vowels, namely ㄧ ''i'' () and ㄩ ''ü'' (), so the distinction between ''g, c, s'' (or ''z, k, h'') and ''j, q, x'' in zhuyin and pinyin is redundant. Medial + rime Each medial + rime in zhuyin is written with a single letter in braille. is used for both the empty rime ''-i'' (), which is not written in zhuyin, and the rime ㄦ ''er'' (). See for example 斯 ''sī'' () located above the word ''Daguerre'' in the image at right. Tone Marks Tone is always marked. This includes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainland Chinese Braille
Mainland Chinese Braille is a braille script for Standard Chinese used in China. Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille, but additional finals form a semi-syllabary, as in bopomofo. Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial, final, and tone, respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin. Braille charts Traditional Chinese Braille is as follows: Initials Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However, ''j, q, x'' are replaced with ''g, k, h'', as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of ''g, k, h'' (and also ''z, c, s'') to ''j, q, x'' before ''i'' and ''ü''.) The digraphs ''ch, sh, zh'' are assigned to (its pronunciation in Russian Braille), (a common pronunciation in international braille), and . ''R'' is assigned to , reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of . ( is used for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korean Braille
Korean Braille is the Braille alphabet of the Korean language. It is not graphically-related to other braille scripts found around the world. Instead, it reflects the patterns found in Hangul, and differentiates initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants. History The first tactile encoding of hangul was developed by Rosetta Sherwood Hall in 1894. It used a cell 4 dots wide by 2 dots high, like New York Point. 6-dot braille was adapted to Korean by Park Du-seong in 1926. There have since been a number of revisions. The current form was announced in 1994. Charts It features characters for grammatical devices and punctuation. Numerals are similar to those of other braille systems. Consonants Consonants have different syllable-initial and -final variants, capturing some of the feel of hangul. The initial and final variants have the same shapes, but are shifted across the braille block. There are two patterns: The consonants that span the width of the block are shifted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Braille
Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as , literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the ''hiragana'' or ''katakana'' syllabaries, without any provision for writing ''kanji''. Japanese Braille is a vowel-based abugida. That is, the glyphs are syllabic, but unlike kana they contain separate symbols for consonant and vowel, and the vowel takes primacy. The vowels are written in the upper left corner (dots 1, 2, 4) and may be used alone. The consonants are written in the lower right corner (dots 3, 5, 6) and cannot occur alone. However, the semivowel ''y'' is indicated by dot 4, one of the vowel dots, and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the cell. When this dot is written in isolation, it indicates that the following syllable has a medial ''y'', as in ''mya''. Syllables beginning with ''w' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille ( , ) is a tactile writing system used by blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. For blind readers, braille is an independent writing system, rather than a code of printed orthography. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
