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Boulevards Of Paris
The ''grands boulevards'' The ''Grands Boulevards'' are the quintessence of the Parisian boulevards. Their origin is a plan initiated by Louis XIV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert in the late 1660s, of comprehensive reforms and remodeling of Paris. Aside of the demilitarization of the former city walls and their replacement with a ring of Grands Boulevards, started in 1670, the plan included the establishment of the in 1667; the destruction of all gates of the ancient Wall of Philip II Augustus on the left bank, started in 1673 and completed in 1783; the unification of professional regulations in the city and its outskirts ( in 1673; the termination of lingering feudal authority over criminal justice in a number of mostly ecclesiastical enclaves that was transferred to the king's Grand Châtelet in 1674; and the erection or refurbishment of monumental gates on key intersections, namely the Porte Saint-Antoine in 1671, the , the Porte Saint-Denis in 1672-1673, the Porte Saint ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rue Basse-du-Rempart
''Ruta graveolens'', commonly known as rue, common rue or herb-of-grace, is a species of the genus ''Ruta'' grown as an ornamental plant and herb. It is native to the Mediterranean. It is grown throughout the world in gardens, especially for its bluish leaves, and sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It is also Horticulture, cultivated as a culinary herb, and to a lesser extent as an insect repellent and incense. Etymology The specific epithet ''graveolens'' refers to the strong-smelling leaves.J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney Description Rue is a woody, perennial plant, perennial shrub. Its leaves are oblong, blue green and arranged bipinnately with rounded leaflets; they release a strong aroma when they are bruised. The flowers are small with 4 to 5 dull yellow petals in cymes. The first flower in each cyme is pentamerous (five sepals, five petals, five stamens and five carpels. All the others are tetramerous (four of each part). They bear brown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boulevard De La Madeleine
The Boulevard de la Madeleine () is one of the 11 original '' grands boulevards'' of Paris, France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ..., a chain of roads running in a semicircle on the right bank of Paris where the city's defensive walls used to be located. The boulevard is named after the nearby Église de la Madeleine. Notable addresses * No. 5: In the 1920s, la Galerie Adolphe LeGoup was located here.Marie-Ange Namy, Marcel-Lenoir et la fresque, In Situ, texte en ligne * No. 11: Building where Alphonsine Plessis, better known as Marie Duplessis died in February 1847. Her life and death were depicted by Alexandre Dumas fils in the novel '' la Dame aux Camélias'' and by Giuseppe Verdi in the opera '' La Traviata''. Cultural references In 1966, The Moody ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octroi
Octroi (; , to grant, authorize; Lat. ''auctor'') is a local tax collected on various articles brought into a district for consumption. Antiquity The word itself is of French origin. Octroi taxes have a respectable antiquity, being known in Roman times as ''vectigalia''. These were either the ''portorium'', a tax on the entry from or departure to the provinces (those cities which were allowed to levy the ''portorium'' shared the profits with the public treasury); the or , a duty levied at the entrance to towns; or the ''edulia'', sales imposts levied in markets. ''Vectigalia'' were levied on wine and certain articles of food, but cities were seldom allowed to use the whole of the profits of the taxes. Anglican Bishop Charles Ellicott suggested that the role of Matthew the tax collector in the gospels () was "to collect the ''octroi'' levied on the fish, fruit, and other produce that made up the exports and imports of Capernaum" on the Sea of Galilee. ''Vectigalia'' were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wall Of The Farmers-General
A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, Shelter in place, shelter, or soundproofing; or serves a decorative purpose. There are various types of walls, including border barriers between countries, brick walls, defensive walls in fortifications, and retaining walls that hold back dirt, stone, water, or noise. Walls can also be found in buildings, where they support Roof, roofs, Floor, floors, and Ceiling, ceilings, enclose spaces, and provide shelter and security. The construction of walls can be categorized into Framing (construction), framed walls and mass-walls. Framed walls transfer the load to the Foundation (engineering), foundation through Post (structural), posts, Column, columns, or Wall stud, studs and typically consist of structural elements, Thermal insulation, insulation, and finish elements. Mass-walls are made of solid materials such as masonry, concrete, adobe, or rammed earth. Walls may also house utilities like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (; 21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be perceived as symbols of the Ancien régime, a''ncien régime'' rather than Utopia. The French Revolution hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In 1804, he published a collection of his designs under the title ''L'Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l'art, des mœurs et de la législation'' (Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation). In this book he took the opportunity of revising his earlier designs, making them more rigorously neoclassical and up to date. This revision has distorted an accurate asse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boulevard Theatre (aesthetic)
Boulevard theatre is a theatrical aesthetic that emerged from the boulevards of Paris' old city.Brunet, Brigitte"Le Théâtre de Boulevard".''French Studies'' 59: 417–418, July 2005 Origin Starting from the second half of the 18th century, popular and bourgeois theatre alike took up residence on the boulevard du Temple, then nicknamed ' boulevard du Crime' due to the many melodramas and murder stories shown there. In addition to the many attractions on display there – fireworks, pantomime, acrobats, etc. – a so-called 'boulevard' repertoire emerged separate from upper-class theatre. Then, starting from the Second French Empire, vaudeville theatre and comédie d'intrigue arrived on the scene. Style Boulevard theatre consists mostly of comedies but also dramas. In general, the characters are simply drawn, ordinary or easily understandable. There is a strong tendency to avoid touchy subjects, such as politics and religion. The style is not designed to challenge preconceived i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baron Haussmann
Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often Hereditary title, hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knight, but lower than a viscount or count. Often, barons hold their fief – their lands and income – directly from the monarch. Barons are less often the vassals of other nobles. In many kingdoms, they were entitled to wear a smaller form of a crown called a ''coronet''. The term originates from the Late Latin, Latin term , via Old French. The use of the title ''baron'' came to England via the Norman Conquest of 1066, then the Normans brought the title to Scotland and Southern Italy. It later spread to Scandinavian and Slavic lands. Etymology The word '':wikt:baron, baron'' comes from the Old French , from a Late Latin "man; servant, soldier, mercenary" (so used in Salic law; Alemannic law has in the same sense). The sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourbon Restoration In France
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 and 1815. The second Bourbon Restoration lasted until the July Revolution of 1830, during the reigns of Louis XVIII (1814–1815, 1815–1824) and Charles X of France, Charles X (1824–1830), brothers of the late King Louis XVI. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France, which had been profoundly changed by the French Revolution. Exhausted by the Napoleonic Wars, the kingdom experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialisation. Background Following the collapse of the French Directory, Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France as leader of the French Consulate, Consulate. By the Consulate's end with the creation of the First French Empire on 18 May 1804, Napoleon had consolidated hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boulevard Du Temple
The Boulevard du Temple (), formerly nicknamed the "Boulevard du Crime", is a thoroughfare in Paris that separates the 3rd arrondissement of Paris, 3rd arrondissement from the 11th arrondissement of Paris, 11th. It runs from the Place de la République to the Place Pasdeloup, and its name refers to the nearby Knights Templars' Temple (Paris), Temple, where they established their Paris priory. History The Boulevard du Temple follows the path of the city wall constructed by Charles V of France, Charles V (the so-called ''Wall of Charles V, Enceinte'', constructed between 1356 and 1383) and demolished under Louis XIV. The boulevard, lined with trees, was built between 1656 and 1705. From the time of Louis XVI (1774–1792) until the July Monarchy in 1830, the Boulevard du Temple was popular and fashionable. It was a place for walking and recreation. Cafés and theatres previously located at the Saint-Laurent and Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Saint-Germain fairs moved here. After a t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Théâtre De La Foire
Théâtre de la foire () is the collective name given to the theatre put on at the annual fairs at Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Saint-Germain and Saint-Laurent church, Paris, Saint-Laurent (and for a time, at Saint-Ovide) in Paris. Foire Saint-Germain The earliest references to the annual fair date to 1176. The fairground itself was established in 1482 by Louis XI for the benefit of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and was located near the Abbey on the Rive Gauche, Left Bank southwest of the city center just outside one of the gates of the Wall of Philip II Augustus, Paris, city wall built by Philip II at the beginning of the 13th century. The covered Saint-Germain market today occupies part of the former fairground site with access from the Boulevard Saint-Germain via the Rue de Montfaucon satellite view. The fair generally lasted three to five weeks around Easter. During the 18th century it consistently opened on 3 February and lasted until Palm Sunday. The fair's fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boulevard Richard-Lenoir
The Boulevard Richard-Lenoir (), running from the Bastille The Bastille (, ) was a fortress in Paris, known as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a ... to the Avenue de la République, is one of the wide tree-lined boulevards driven through Paris by Baron Haussmann during the Second French Empire of Napoleon III of France, Napoleon III. The boulevard is named after (1765-1839) and (1768-1806), business-partner industrialists who brought the cotton industry to Paris and northern France in the 18th and early 19th centuries. It is the site of a weekly art market and of a bi-weekly fruit and vegetable market that is one of the largest in Paris. Fictional Georges Simenon's famous detective Jules Maigret is portrayed as living at 132 Boulevard Richard-Lenoir.Georges Simenon (1948) ''Maigret et son mort'', Presses de la Cit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
