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Bos Acutifrons
''Bos acutifrons'' is the most ancient representative of the genus '' Bos'' cattle. Fossils of an individual of ''B. acutifrons'' were found in middle Pleistocene-aged strata of Siwalik Hills of Kashmir, in either modern Pakistan or India, in the 19th century. The prehistoric species was described, along with ''Bos planifrons'', by Richard Lydekker in 1877. In 1898 Lydekker synonymised ''B. planifrons'' with ''B. acutifrons'', reconsidering the skull found to be that of a female individual of the same species. Edwin H. Colbert in 1935 first suggested that from this species the modern species of ''Bos'' arose, with the aurochs, ''B. primigenius'', the ancestors of modern taurine cattle, evolving from the Indian Subcontinent via ''B. namadicus'', a smallish prehistoric species of cattle described by Hugh Falconer in 1837 from a fossil recovered in the early 19th century from Narbada (known at the time as Narmada by the British Raj) in central India. ''B. namadicus'' and ''B. prim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences, the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP). Publications from earlier years may use either definition of the period. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology. The name is a combination of Ancient Greek () 'most' and (; Latinized as ) 'new'. The aridification and cooling trends of the preceding Neogene were continued in the Pleistocene. The climate was strongly variable depending on the glacial cycle, oscillating between cold Glacial period, glacial periods and warmer Interglacial, int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bos Buiaensis
''Bos buiaensis'' is an extinct species of cattle. The species is known from a million year old skull fossil found at the archaeological site of Buya, Eritrea in 2003. It was reassembled by excavators from over one hundred shards. The fossil found at Buya had a wider and more robust cranium than those found in '' Pelorvis oldowayensis'' and '' Pelorvis turkanensis,'' fossils, but it was smaller than auroch skulls. Like the ''Pelorvis'' fossils, it has less pronounced postorbital constriction than in auroch or ''Bos acutifrons'' fossils. The frontside of the eye sockets is located above backside edge of the last molar. This feature is characteristic of '' Pelorvis sensu stricto'' fossils. Although, its snout is just as high and wide as those of aurochs. Its cranium contained pneumatic elements on its frontal side which extended to cover the occipital and parietal areas. Its horns extend backward, before curving outwards, then forward and upward. It had a short and robust pedicle, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prehistoric Bovids
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted, with writing having spread to almost all cultures by the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at different times in different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently. It is based on an old conception of history that without written records there could be no history. The most common conception today is that history is based on evidence, however the concept of prehistory hasn't been completely discarded. In the early Bronze Age, Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley Civilis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi. Its second-largest and oldest city is Mombasa, a major port city located on Mombasa Island. Other major cities within the country include Kisumu, Nakuru & Eldoret. Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest (though much of that border includes the disputed Ilemi Triangle), Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west. Kenya's geography, climate and population vary widely. In western, rift valley counties, the landscape includes cold, snow-capped mountaintops (such as Batian, Nelion and Point Lenana on Mount Kenya) with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelorovis Turkanensis
''Pelorovis'' ("prodigious/monstrous sheep") is an extinct genus of African bovines which existed during the Pleistocene epoch. Originally believed to be a giant member of Caprinae, related to modern sheep, it is now known to be a relative of cattle and buffalos. The best known and type species is ''Pelorovis oldowayensis'', from the Early Pleistocene of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, though two others, ''P. turkanensis'' and ''P. howelli'', are currently recognised. A fourth, ''P. praeafricanus'', may exist, or it may represent the same species as ''P. oldowayensis''. "''Pelorovis''" ''antiquus'', from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, and "P." ''kaisensis'', have since been moved into ''Syncerus'', the same genus as living African buffalo. In many respects, ''Pelorovis'' resembles the modern cattle genus, ''Bos'', and has been compared morphologically to aurochsen (''Bos primigenius''). It has been suggested that they represent the same genus, in which case ''Pelorovis'' would be a ju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzania
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. According to a 2024 estimate, Tanzania has a population of around 67.5 million, making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator. Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included South Cushitic languages, Southern Cushitic speakers similar to modern day Iraqw people who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotic languages, Southern Nilotes, including the Datooga people, Datoog, who originated fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olduvai Gorge
The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropology, paleoanthropological localities in the world; the many sites exposed by the gorge have proven invaluable in furthering understanding of early human evolution. A steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches across East Africa, it is about 48 km long, and is located in the eastern Serengeti Plains within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in the Olbalbal ward located in Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region, about from Laetoli, another important archaeological locality of early human occupation. The British/Kenyan paleoanthropologist-archeologist team of Mary Leakey, Mary and Louis Leakey established excavation and research programs at Olduvai Gorge that achieved great advances in human knowledge. The site is registered as one of the National Historic Sites of Tanzania. The gorge takes its name from the Maasai language, Maasai word ''oldupai'' which means "the place of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Reck
Hans Gottfried Reck (24 January 1886 – 4 August 1937) was a German volcanologist and paleontologist. In 1913 he was the first to discover an ancient skeleton of a human in the Olduvai Gorge, in what is now Tanzania. He collaborated with Louis Leakey in a return expedition to the site in 1931. Birth and education Reck was born into a military family in Würzburg, Bavaria on 24 January 1886. He attended the universities of Wurzburg and Berlin, where he studied natural history and became deeply interested in volcanoes. Iceland In the summer of 1907 the geologist Walther von Knebel, a friend and fellow student of Reck's, disappeared during a field trip in Iceland. Hans Reck was charged with determining what had happened, and set out in June 1908 with two local guides and his fiancé, Ina von Grumbkow. The party traveled on horseback in eleven weeks. Reck and the Icelander Sigurður Sumarliðason were the first people ever to reach the summit of the Herðubreið volcano, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelorovis Oldowayensis
''Pelorovis'' ("prodigious/monstrous sheep") is an extinct genus of African bovines which existed during the Pleistocene epoch. Originally believed to be a giant member of Caprinae, related to modern sheep, it is now known to be a relative of cattle and buffalos. The best known and type species is ''Pelorovis oldowayensis'', from the Early Pleistocene of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, though two others, ''P. turkanensis'' and ''P. howelli'', are currently recognised. A fourth, ''P. praeafricanus'', may exist, or it may represent the same species as ''P. oldowayensis''. "''Pelorovis''" ''antiquus'', from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, and "P." ''kaisensis'', have since been moved into ''Syncerus'', the same genus as living African buffalo. In many respects, ''Pelorovis'' resembles the modern cattle genus, ''Bos'', and has been compared morphologically to aurochsen (''Bos primigenius''). It has been suggested that they represent the same genus, in which case ''Pelorovis'' would be a ju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bison
A bison (: bison) is a large bovine in the genus ''Bison'' (from Greek, meaning 'wild ox') within the tribe Bovini. Two extant taxon, extant and numerous extinction, extinct species are recognised. Of the two surviving species, the American bison, ''B. bison'', found only in North America, is the more numerous. Although colloquially referred to as a buffalo in the United States and Canada, it is only distantly related to the true buffalo. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the Plains bison, ''B. b. bison'', and the generally more northern wood bison, ''B. b. athabascae''. A third subspecies, the eastern bison (''B. b. pennsylvanicus'') is no longer considered a valid taxon, being a junior synonym of ''B. b. bison''. Historical references to "woods bison" or "wood bison" from the Eastern United States refer to this synonym animal (and to their eastern woodland habitat), not to ''B. b. athabascae'', wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subgenera
In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, ''Cypraea'' (''Cypraea'') ''tigris'' Linnaeus, which belongs to the subgenus ''Cypraea'' of the genus ''Cypraea''. However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include the subgeneric name. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), the subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. Article 4 The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example is ''Banksia'' subg. ''Isostylis'', a sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptobos Falconeri
''Leptobos'' is an extinct genus of large bovine, known from the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Eurasia. Distribution The range of ''Leptobos'' extended from the Iberian Peninsula to northern China. ''L. merlai'' is known from the Early Pleistocene of central Italy. Description Species of ''Leptobos'' weighed on average . Evolution The first appearance of ''Leptobos'' in Europe around 3.6-3.5 million years ago is considered to define the beginning of the Villafranchian European faunal stage. ''Leptobos'' is considered to be closely related to the insular genus '' Epileptobos'' from the Pleistocene of Java'''', and is considered to be ancestral to ''Bison''. ''Leptobos'' became extinct after being replaced by their descendant ''Bison'' during the Early Pleistocene, after a period of temporal overlap. "''Leptobos" syrticus'' from Libya likely belongs in a different genus. Species * ''Leptobos brevicornis'' (China) * ''Leptobos crassus'' (China) * ''Leptobos falc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
