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Body-focused Repetitive Behavior
Body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for Impulse control disorder, impulse-control behaviors involving Compulsive behavior, compulsively Self-harm, damaging one's physical appearance or causing physical injury. BFRB disorders are currently estimated to be under the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. They are also associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety. Causes The cause of BFRBs is unknown. Emotional variables may have a differential impact on the expression of BFRBs. Research has suggested that the urge to repetitive self-injury is similar to a body-focused repetitive behavior but others have argued that for some the condition is more akin to a substance abuse disorder. Researchers are investigating a possible genetic component. Onset BFRBs most often begin in late childhood or in the early teens. Diagnosis Types The main BFRB disorders are: * Skin ** Dermatillomania (excoriation disorder), skin picking ** Dermatophagi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder or compulsive hair pulling, is a mental disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in the pulling out of one's own hair. A brief positive feeling may occur as hair is removed. Efforts to stop pulling hair typically fail. Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. The hair pulling is to such a degree that it results in distress and hair loss can be seen. As of 2023, the specific cause or causes of trichotillomania are unclear. Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disorder may run in families. It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. People usually acknowledge that they pull their hair, and broken hairs may be seen on examination. Other conditions that may present similarly include body dysmorphic disorder; however, in that co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive movements of large muscle groups immediately before and during sleep often involving the head and neck. It was independently described first in 1905 by Zappert as jactatio capitis nocturna and by Cruchet as . The majority of RMD episodes occur during NREM sleep, although REM movements have been reported. RMD is often associated with other psychiatric conditions or mental disabilities. The disorder often leads to bodily injury from unwanted movements. Because of these incessant muscle contractions, patients' sleep patterns are often disrupted. It differs from restless legs syndrome in that RMD involves involuntary muscle contractions before and during sleep while restless legs syndrome is the urge to move before sleep. RMD occurs in both males and females, often during early childhood with symptoms diminishing with age. Many affected individuals also have other sleep related disorders, like sleep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder with onset in childhood involving restrictive and/or repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury. While stereotypic movements are common in infancy and early childhood, a diagnosis of SMD is made only when such behaviors are prolonged, intense, and cause significant impairment. The diagnosis requires that the behavior in question must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, autism, or another medical condition. The cause of this disorder is not known. However, current research suggests that dysfunction in corticostriatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits and imbalances between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia may play a role in its development. Both environmental and genetic factors have been proposed as potential risk factors. Environmental factors include limited social interaction, ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compulsive Behavior
Compulsive behavior (or compulsion) is defined as performing an action persistently and repetitively. Compulsive behaviors could be an attempt to make obsessions go away. Compulsive behaviors are a need to reduce apprehension caused by internal feelings a person wants to abstain from or control. A major cause of compulsive behavior is obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).(1996). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Decade of the Brain. National Institutes of Health. "Compulsive behavior is when someone keeps doing the same action because they feel like they have to, even though they know these actions do not align with their goals." There are many different types of compulsive behaviors including Compulsive buying disorder, shopping, hoarding, Compulsive overeating, eating, Problem gambling, gambling, trichotillomania and Dermatillomania, picking skin, itching, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, checking, Arithmomania, counting, washing, Hypersexuality, sex, and more. Also, there are cul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-acetylcysteine
''N''-acetylcysteine, also known as Acetylcysteine and NAC, is a mucolytics that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. It has been used to treat lactobezoar in infants. It can be taken intravenously, orally (swallowed by mouth), or inhaled as a mist by use of a nebulizer. It is also sometimes used as a dietary supplement. Common side effects include nausea and vomiting when taken orally. The skin may occasionally become red and itchy with any route of administration. A non-immune type of anaphylaxis may also occur. It appears to be safe in pregnancy. For paracetamol overdose, it works by increasing the level of glutathione, an antioxidant that can neutralize the toxic breakdown products of paracetamol. When inhaled, it acts as a mucolytic by decreasing the thickness of mucus. Acetylcysteine was initially patented in 1960 and came into me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inositol
In biochemistry, medicine, and related sciences, inositol generally refers to ''myo''-inositol (formerly ''meso''-inositol), the most important stereoisomer of the chemical compound cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. Its elemental formula, formula is ; the molecule has a ring of six carbon atoms, each with a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (–OH). In ''myo''-inositol, two of the hydroxyls, neither adjacent nor opposite, lie above the respective hydrogens relative to the mean plane of the ring. The compound is a carbohydrate, specifically a sugar alcohol (as distinct from aldoses like glucose) with half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). It is one of the most ancient components of living beings with multiple functions in eukaryotes, including structural lipids and secondary messengers. A human kidney makes about two grams per day from glucose, but other tissues synthesize it too. The highest concentration is in the brain, where it plays an important role in making other neurot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder or compulsive hair pulling, is a mental disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in the pulling out of one's own hair. A brief positive feeling may occur as hair is removed. Efforts to stop pulling hair typically fail. Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. The hair pulling is to such a degree that it results in distress and hair loss can be seen. As of 2023, the specific cause or causes of trichotillomania are unclear. Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disorder may run in families. It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. People usually acknowledge that they pull their hair, and broken hairs may be seen on examination. Other conditions that may present similarly include body dysmorphic disorder; however, in that co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excoriation Disorder
Excoriation disorder, more commonly known as dermatillomania, is a mental disorder on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum that is characterized by the repeated urge or impulse to pick at one's own skin, to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused. The exact causes of this disorder are unclear but are believed to involve a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors, including stress and underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or Obsessive–compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Individuals with excoriation disorder may also experience co-occurring conditions like depression or body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Treatment typically involves cognitive behavioral therapy and may include medications. Without intervention, the disorder can lead to serious medical complications. Signs and symptoms Episodes of skin picking are often preceded or accompanied by tension, anxiety, or stress. In some cases, following p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habit Reversal Training
Habit reversal training (HRT) is a "multicomponent behavioral treatment package originally developed to address a wide variety of repetitive behavior disorders". Behavioral disorders treated with HRT include tics, trichotillomania, nail biting, thumb sucking, skin picking, temporomandibular disorder (TMJ), lip-cheek biting and stuttering. It consists of five components: awareness training, competing response training, contingency management, relaxation training, and generalization training. Research on the efficacy of HRT for behavioral disorders have produced consistent, large effect sizes (approximately 0.80 across the disorders). It has met the standard of a well-established treatment for stuttering, thumb sucking, nail biting, and TMJ disorders. According to a meta-analysis from 2012, decoupling, a self-help variant of HRT, also shows efficacy. History Habit reversal training was developed by psychologists Nathan H. Azrin and Ronald G. Nunn, who first published a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression, PTSD, and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions (thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes) and their associated behaviors in order to improve emotional regulation and help the individual develop coping strategies to address problems. Though originally designed as an approach to treat depression, CBT is often prescribed for the evidence-informed treatment of many mental health and other conditions, including anxiety, substance use disorders, marital problems, ADHD, and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies. CBT is a common form of talk therapy based on the combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family Therapy
Family therapy (also referred to as family counseling, family systems therapy, marriage and family therapy, couple and family therapy) is a branch of psychotherapy focused on families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. The different schools of family therapy have in common a belief that, regardless of the origin of the problem, and regardless of whether the clients consider it an "individual" or "family" issue, involving families in solutions often benefits clients. This involvement of families is commonly accomplished by their direct participation in the therapy session. The skills of the family therapist thus include the ability to influence conversations in a way that catalyses the strengths, wisdom, and support of the wider system. In the field's early years, many clinicians defined the family in a narrow, traditional manner usually including parents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
