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Bedouin Arabic
Bedouin Arabic refers to a typological group of Arabic dialects historically linked to Bedouin tribes, that has spread among both nomadic and sedentary groups across the Arab World. The group of dialects originate from Arabian tribes in Najd and the Hejaz that have spread since the 10th century until modern day. Bedouin dialects vary by region and tribe, but they typically share a set of features which distinguish them from sedentary-type dialects in each region. The term can be ambiguous, as it can refer to dialects of nomadic Bedouins, dialects of Bedouin-descended populations, or sedentary dialects that have been influenced by Bedouin dialects. Background The similarities between Bedouin dialects are due to their historical contact with one another, due to rapid population movements that quickly erase linguistic diversity. Features * Voiced pronunciation of Qāf, in contrast to voiceless pronunciations, such as /q/ in many sedentary dialects, or /ʔ/ in Egyptian Arabic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semitic Languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. They include Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya language, Tigrinya, Aramaic, Hebrew language, Hebrew, Maltese language, Maltese, Modern South Arabian languages and numerous other ancient and modern languages. They are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of Western Asia, West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Malta, and in large Immigration, immigrant and Expatriate, expatriate communities in North America, Europe, and Australasia. The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen school of history, who derived the name from Shem, one of the three Generations of Noah, sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis. Semitic languages List of languages by first written account, occur in written form from a very early historical date in West Asia, with East Semitic languages, East Semitic Akkadian language, Akkadian (also known as Ancient Assyrian language, Assyrian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Najdi Arabic
Najdi Arabic (, Najdi Arabic: , ) is the group of Arabic varieties originating from the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. Outside of Saudi Arabia, it is also the main Arabic variety spoken in the Syrian Desert of Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (with the exception of Palmyra oasis and settlements dotting the Euphrates, where Mesopotamian Arabic is spoken) as well as the westernmost part of Kuwait. Najdi Arabic can be divided into four region-based groups: #Northern Najdi, spoken by the tribe of Shammar and surrounding tribes in Ha'il Region in Najd and the Syrian Desert. #Mixed northern-central Najdi of Al-Qassim, Northern Riyadh region of Sudair, and the tribe of Dhafeer around Kuwait. #Central Najdi, spoken in the city of Riyadh and surrounding towns and farming communities, and by the tribe of Anazah in the Syrian Desert. This dialect group includes the modern urban dialect of Riyadh, which has become the prestige dialect of Saudi Arabia. #Southern Najdi, spoken by the tribes of Qah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palatalization (sound Change)
Palatalization ( ) is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition. Types Palatalization is sometimes an example of assimilation. In some cases, it is triggered by a palatal or palatalized consonant or front vowel, but in other cases, it is not conditioned in any way. Consonant Palatalization changes place of articulation or manner of articulation of consonants. It may add palatal secondary articulation or change primary articulation from velar to palatal or alveolar, alveolar to postalveolar. It may also cause a consonant to change its manner of articulation from stop to affricate or fricative. The change in the manner of articulation is a form of lenition. However, the lenition is frequently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nunation
Nunation (, '), in some Semitic languages such as Arabic, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics (''ḥarakāt'') to a noun or adjective. This is used to indicate the word ends in an alveolar nasal without the addition of the letter ''nūn''. The noun phrase is fully declinable and syntactically unmarked for definiteness, identifiable in speech. Literary Arabic When writing Literary Arabic in full diacritics, there are three nunation diacritics, which indicate the suffixes ' ( IPA: /-un/) (nominative case), ' /-in/ (genitive), and ' /an/ (accusative). The orthographical rules for nunation with the sign is by an additional ' (, diacritic above alif; or , diacritic before alif; see below), above ('' '' ) or above ('' '' ). In most dialects of spoken Arabic, nunation only exists in words and phrases borrowed from the literary language, especially those that are declined in the accusative (that is, with ). It is still used in some Bedouin dialects in its genitiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiceless Alveolar Sibilant
The voiceless alveolar fricatives are a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences: *The voiceless alveolar sibilant (the standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA) has a strong hissing sound, as the ''s'' in English ''sink''. It is one of the most common sounds in the world. *The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant (an ''ad hoc'' notation using IPA conventions), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English ''th'' in ''thin''. It occurs in Spanish dialects in southern Spain (eastern Andalusia). *The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant ">Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant"> and the subform apico-alveolar , or called grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of fricatives. It is used in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḍād
() is the fifteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . Its numerical value is 800 (see Abjad numerals). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪓, South Arabian . The letter symbol itself is a derivation, by addition of a diacritic dot, from ص ''ṣād'' (representing /sˤ/). Origin Based on ancient descriptions of this sound, it is clear that in Qur'anic Arabic ''ḍ'' was some sort of unusual lateral sound. Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, explained the letter as being articulated from "between the first part of the side of the tongue and the adjoining molars". It is reconstructed by modern linguists as having been either a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative or a similar affricated sound or . The affricated form is suggested by loans of ''ḍ'' into Akkadian as ''ld'' or ''l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ẓāʾ
, or (), is the seventeenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . Its numerical value is 900 (see Abjad numerals). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪜, and South Arabian . ' does not change its shape depending on its position in the word: Frequency is the rarest phoneme of the Arabic language. Out of 2,967 triliteral roots listed by Hans Wehr in his 1952 dictionary, only 42 (1.4%) contain . is the least mentioned letter in the Quran (not including the eight special letters in Arabic), and is only mentioned 853 times in the Quran. In relation to other Semitic languages In some reconstructions of Proto-Semitic phonology, there is an emphatic interdental fricative, / ( or ), featuring as the direct ancestor of Arabic , while it merged with in most other Semitic languages, although the South Arabian alphabet retaine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
/ð/
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. The letter is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative. However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: . Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include (retracted ), (advanced ) and ( ). It has been proposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḏāl
' (, also transcribed as ') is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪙, and South Arabian . In Modern Standard Arabic it represents . In name and shape, it is a variant of (). Its numerical value is 700 (see abjad numerals). The Arabic letter is named '. It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word: The South Arabian alphabet retained a symbol for , . When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as . This sound is found in English, as in the words "those" or "then". In English the sound is sometimes rendered " dh" when transliterated from foreign languages, but when it occurs in English words it is one of the pronunciations occurring for the digraph " th". Azerbaijan is the only country name in Arabic that uses this letter. In early forms of the New Persia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
/θ/
The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in ''think''. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the lowercase Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta". The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages. Among the more than 60 lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ṯāʾ
() is the fourth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪛, and Ancient South Arabian script, South Arabian . In Modern Standard Arabic it represents the voiceless dental fricative , also found in English as the "Th (digraph), th" in words such as "thank" and "thin". In Persian language, Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish languages, Kurdish it is pronounced as s as in "sister" in English. ''Ṯāʾ'', along those with the letter ''ش, shīn'', are the only two surviving Arabic letters with three dots above. In most European languages, it is mostly romanized as the digraph ''th''. In other languages, such as Indonesian language, Indonesian, this Arabic letter is often romanized as ''ts'' and ''Ṡ''. The most common transliteration in English is "th", e.g. Ethiopia (), thawb (). In name and shape, it is a variant of (). Its nume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shawi Arabic
Shawi or Šāwi Arabic is the Arabic dialect of the sheep-rearing Bedouins of Syro-Mesopotamia. The term ''Šāwi'' typically refers to the tribes living between the Tigris and the Euphrates, but many tribes are also found elsewhere, such as northern Jordan, Palestine, western Syria, and Lebanon. The dialect of the Arabs of Urfa also belongs to the Šāwi-Bedouin group. Classification Cantineau (1936) was the first classification the dialects of the sheep breeders of northern Arabia. He was the first to coin the terminology ‘petit-nomades’ (sheep breeders) and ‘grand-nomades’ (camel breeders). The Shawi dialects typically represent the ‘petit-nomades’ type. The hallmark of Shawi dialects is the affrication of Old Arabic *k and *g (t͡ʃ] and ǧ [Voiced postalveolar affricate, d͡ʒ], respectively, as opposed to the north Arabian camel-breeder varieties, which exhibit ć [Voiceless alveolar affricate, t͡s] and ź Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z A voiced alveolar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
